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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (55)
  • 1990-1994  (55)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1991  (55)
  • 11
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    Air-sea fluxes and surface layer turbulence around a sea surface temperature front (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The observed effects of sharp changes in sea surface temperature (SST) on the air-sea fluxes, surface roughness, and the turbulence structure in the surface layer and the marine atmospheric boundary layer are discussed. In situ flux and turbulence observations were carried out from three aircraft and two ships within the FASINEX framework. Three other aircraft used remote sensors to measure waves, microwave backscatter, and lidar signatures of cloud tops. Descriptions of the techniques, intercomparison of aircraft and ship flux data, and use of different methods for analyzing the fluxes from the aircraft data are described. Changing synoptic weather on three successive days yielded cases of wind direction both approximately parallel and perpendicular to a surface temperature front. For the wind perpendicular to the front, wind over both cold-to-warm and warm-to-cold surface temperatures occurred. Model results consistent with the observations suggest that an internal boundary layer forms at the SST.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 8593-860
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  • 12
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    Low-frequency intraseasonal tropical-extratropical interactions (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using seven years (1981-1987) of ECMWF initialized analyses, the low-frequency (20-70 day) intraseasonal variability during Northern Hemisphere winter is examined, with emphasis on the zonal wind variability in the Pacific sector and on its relationship to the tropical convection and the middle-altitude wave propagation. Particular consideration is given to changes in the propagation characteristics associated with variations in the subtropical jet and the implications for low-frequency variability in middle latitudes. Also investigated is the relationship between the Pacific sector u-wind fluctuations and tropical convection anomalies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 48; 629-650
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  • 13
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    Aircraft overflight measurements of midwest severe storms - Implications on geosynchronous satellite interpretations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The instrumented NASA ER-2 aircraft overflew severe convection with IR V features for the first time in the midwest United States during May 1984. Measurements taken by the ER-2 were: visible and IR imagery, high-frequency passive microwave (92, 183 GHz) imagery, nadir lidar backscattered return, and flight altitude information. The May 7 and May 13, 1984 cases are analyzed in detail and the various data sources are combined and compared with GOES imagery. The high resolution aircraft IR imagery shows that thermal couplets are considerably more pronounced than in GOES imagery. In one of the cases (May 7, 1984) the minimum cloud-top IR temperature was located upshear of the overshooting cloud top in the lidar height field. The IR temperatures in the downshear anvils were as much as 5 C warmer than the ambient air temperatures, implying that the upwelling IR radiance comes from about 0.5-1.0 km below the cloud top. The in situ ER-2 measurements of temperature and air velocity 3-4 km above the overshooting tops showed very intense temperature and vertical velocity, perturbations. These perturbations are suggestive of lee waves generated by the overshooting tops or a cold dome above the squall line possibly due to tropopause lifting by the storms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 119; 436-456
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  • 14
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    The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE Cirrus case study - Retrieval of cloud particle sizes and optical depths from comparative analyses of aircraft and satellite-based infrared measurements (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Infrared radiance measurements were acquired from a narrow-field nadir-viewing radiometer based on the NASA ER-2 aircraft during a coincident Landsat 5 overpass on October 28, 1986 as part of the FIRE Cirrus IFO in the vicinity of Lake Michigan. The spectral bandpasses are 9.90-10.87 microns for the ER-2-based radiometer and 10.40-12.50 microns for the Landsat thematic mapper band. After adjusting for spatial and temporal differences, a comparative study using data from these two instruments is undertaken in order to retrieve cirrus cloud ice-crystal sizes and optical depths. Retrieval is achieved by analysis of measurement correlations between the two spectral bands and comparison to multistream radiative transfer model calculations. The results indicate that the equivalent sphere radii of the cirrus ice crystals were typically less than 30 microns. Such particles were too small to be measured by the available in situ instrumentation. Cloud optical depths at a reference wavelength of 11.4 microns ranged from 0.3 to 2.0 for this case study. Supplemental results in support of this study are described using radiation measurements from the King Air aircraft, which was also in near coincidence with the Landsat overpass.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 119; 1673-169
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  • 15
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    Infrared cooling rate calculations in operational general circulation models - Comparisons with benchmark computations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The performance of several parameterized models is described with respect to numerical prediction and climate research at GFDL, NCAR, and GISS. The radiation codes of the models were compared to benchmark calculations and other codes for the intercomparison of radiation codes in climate models (ICRCCM). Cooling rates and fluxes calculated from the models are examined in terms of their application to established general circulation models (GCMs) from the three research institutions. The newest radiation parameterization techniques show the most significant agreement with the benchmark line-by-line (LBL) results. The LBL cooling rates correspond to cooling rate profiles from the models, but the parameterization of the water vapor continuum demonstrates uncertain results. These uncertainties affect the understanding of some lower tropospheric cooling, and therefore more accurate parameterization of the water vapor continuum, as well as the weaker absorption bands of CO2 and O3 is recommended.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 9105-912
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  • 16
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    Structure of an internal bore and dissipating gravity current as revealed by Raman lidar (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Raman lidar observations of a weak gravity current and an internal bore associated with a thunderstorm gust front are presented. These observations have been complemented by conventional surface meteorologial analyses, special radiosonde data, spectral and bandpass filter analysis of barograph data, and infrared satellite imagery. Results obtained reveal the time-space continuity and dynamic nature of two boundary-layer disturbances seen in the lidar data. A comparison of the lidar display with the rawinsonde data makes it possible to determine the thermal fields associated with these disturbances at high temporal resolution (2 min) and an altitude of 6 km. The airflow associated with the disturbances was inferred by synthesizing the lidar and rawinsonde data. One of the two disturbances represents a dissipating outflow boundary (gust front) and can be characterized as a gravity current. The second disturbance represents an internal bore propagating ahead of the gravity current on a surface-based stable layer, which acted as a waveguide. The lidar revealed a mean bore depth of 1.9 km, observed and calculated speeds were in good agreement (about + or - 20 percent).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 119; 857-887
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  • 17
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    Simulations of the HDO and H2O-18 atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS general circulation model - Sensitivity experiments for present-day conditions (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Incorporating the full geochemical cycles of stable water isotopes (HDO and H2O-18) into an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) allows an improved understanding of global delta-D and delta-O-18 distributions and might even allow an analysis of the GCM's hydrological cycle. A detailed sensitivity analysis using the NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) model II GCM is presented that examines the nature of isotope modeling. The tests indicate that delta-D and delta-O-18 values in nonpolar regions are not strongly sensitive to details in the model precipitation parameterizations. This result, while implying that isotope modeling has limited potential use in the calibration of GCM convection schemes, also suggests that certain necessarily arbitrary aspects of these schemes are adequate for many isotope studies. Deuterium excess, a second-order variable, does show some sensitivity to precipitation parameterization and thus may be more useful for GCM calibration.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 7495-750
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  • 18
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    Increased ocean heat transports and warmer climate (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The impact of an increased ocean heat transport on climate is investigated in the framework of the GISS GMC model described by Hansen et al. (1983), using two scenarios: one starting from warmer polar temperatures/no sea ice and the other from the current ocean conditions. A 20-percent increase in cross-equatorial heat transport was sufficient to melt all sea ice; it resulted in a climate that was 2 C warmer for the global average, with values some 20-deg warmer at high altitudes and 1-deg warmer near the equator. It is suggested that the hydrological and dynamical changes associated with this different climate regime may be self-sustaining and, as such, would account for the high-latitude warmth of climates in the Mesozoic and Tertiary periods and the decadenal-scale climate fluctuations during the Holocene.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 7437-746
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  • 19
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    Simulations of the effect of a warmer climate on atmospheric humidity (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Increases in the concentration of water vapor constitute the single largest positive feedback in models of global climate warming caused by greenhouse gases. It has been suggested that sinking air in the regions surrounding deep cumulus clouds will dry the upper troposphere and eliminate or reverse the direction of water vapor feedback. This hypothesis has been tested by performing an idealized simulation of climate change with two different versions of a climate model which both incorporate drying due to subsidence of clear air but differ in their parameterization of moist convection and stratiform clouds. Despite increased drying of the upper troposphere by cumulus clouds, upper-level humidity increases in the warmer climate because of enhanced upward moisture transport by the general circulation and increased accumulation of water vapor and ice at cumulus cloud tops.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 351; 382-385
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  • 20
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    A simulated lightning effects test facility for testing live and inert missiles and components (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Details of a simulated lightning effects test facility for testing live and inert missiles, motors, and explosive components are described. The test facility is designed to simulate the high current, continuing current, and high rate-of-rise current components of an idealized direct strike lightning waveform. The Lightning Test Facility was in operation since May, 1988, and consists of: 3 separate capacitor banks used to produce the lightning test components; a permanently fixed large steel safety cage for retaining the item under test (should it be ignited during testing); an earth covered bunker housing the control/equipment room; a charge/discharge building containing the charging/discharging switching; a remotely located blockhouse from which the test personnel control hazardous testing; and interconnecting cables.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Kennedy Space Center, The 1991 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Volume 2; 11 p
    Format: application/pdf
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