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  • 1995-1999  (307)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RecA-dependent viral burst in bacterial colonies during the entry into stationary phase (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 170 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have explored the nature of the sudden viral amplification observed during the ageing of P22-infected lysogenic colonies of Salmonella typhimurium [Ramı́rez, E, and Villaverde, A. (1997) Gene 202, 147–149]. By a comparative analysis of the wild-type P22 and a P22 integration mutant, it has been shown that the conditions promoting prophage induction occur in only a small portion of the bacterial population and briefly during the transition between the exponential growth and the stationary phase. The viral burst is RecA-dependent and cannot be reproduced in continuous culture by a mere decrease of the growth rate. This suggests that the limited viral propagation in colonies is probably linked to heterogeneous physiological conditions within colonial populations, distinct from those of the homogeneous liquid cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13389.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discovery of hardest known oxide (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 383 (1996), S. 401-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR á€" Microhardness measurements on synthesized samples of stishovite, a high-pressure phase of silica, show that it is the hardest oxide yet discovered. Among polycrystalline materials, its hardness (33 gigapascals, GPa) rivals those of the hardest materials. Despite many ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/383401a0
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New assignments in the UV spectroscopy of the small benzene–argonn clusters: The effects of a structure-selective vibrational predissociation (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 1676-1686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper, new experimental results using UV spectroscopy of the small benzene–Arn clusters are presented. We have found evidence for the vibrational predissociation of the S1 state of some of these species on a nanosecond time scale and we propose a new assignment for the UV spectral features of this system. This assignment is consistent with other experimental data and it accounts additionally for the previously reported spectral anomalies, in particular the ionization potential measurements of these species. The two-color R2PI spectra performed can thus be considered as nanosecond pump–probe experiments that allow us to estimate the relaxation rate of the S1state of these clusters. The vibrational relaxation is found to be strongly size and structure dependent: The two isomers [(1/1) and (2/0)] of the n=2 species exhibit different lifetimes differing by at least one order of magnitude. The size dependence of the relaxation process within the one-sided isomer series appears also paradoxical since the relaxation rates of the (3/0) and (4/0) species are found to be smaller than that of the (2/0). These properties are discussed in relationship with the symmetry of these species. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.473321
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical tuning of the lifetime of the CO stretching vibration for CO/Pt(111) (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 104 (1996), S. 2438-2445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used the large electric fields at the interface of a Pt(111) electrode and an acetonitrile electrolyte solution to tune the interaction between adsorbed CO and the Pt(111) surface. The electrode potential is varied over a 2.5 Volt range. As the electrode potential is made more positive, the CO vibrational frequency increases and the vibrational lifetime decreases. Over the potential range investigated, the tuning is about 35–40 cm−1 and the lifetime varies from ≈2.1 to ≈1.5 ps. Ab initio calculations performed for CO/Cu(100) predicted the opposite trend for the lifetimes for that system [M. Head-Gordon and J. C. Jully, Chem. Phys. 175, 37 (1993)]. Within an empirical model of nonadiabatic charge transfer [B. N. J. Persson and M. Persson, Solid State Commun. 36, 175 (1980)], our observations can be explained by a decreasing 2π-derived density of states of the Pt/CO complex at the Fermi level. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.470938
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle size fractionation of soil containing coal and combusted particles (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 50 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Standard procedure for dispersing natural soils for particle size fractionation can be too aggressive for soil containing coal and other organic particles from coal industries. We have investigated ultrasonic dispersion for the latter in four soils differing in pedogenesis (Phaeozem, Podzol, reclaimed mine soils), carbon content (27.5–138.6 g kg–1), clay content (80–153 g kg–1) and sources of particles (airborne coal dust, combustion residues, lignite particles). As we found previously for natural soils, the ultrasonic energy needed for complete dispersion varies between 450 and 500 J ml–1, but the resulting particle size distributions differ from those obtained by standard textural analysis. This is probably related to the different properties of native soil organic matter and coal and combusted particles. Coal and soot particles may partly resist oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, depending on material and particle size. The diameter of lignite particles, remaining after oxidation, is overestimated in sedimentation analysis by a factor of 1.66. Sand-sized lignite particles can be disrupted by ultrasonication and redistributed to finer particle size fractions. The ultrasonic dispersion and particle size fractionation procedure can be applied to soils containing coal and combusted particles, but caution is needed in interpreting the results if they contain large proportions of coal particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00254.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of an ultrasonic dispersion procedure to isolate primary organomineral complexes from soils (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 50 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soil organic matter can be intimately associated with mineral particles of various sizes. For structural studies, soil organic matter can be isolated in particle size fractions after complete dispersion of the aggregates by ultrasonication. The ultrasonic dispersion energy necessary for complete dispersion was investigated in three A and two B horizons originating from four soils differing in pedogenesis (Gleysol, Phaeozem, Podzol, Alisol), organic C (4.2–34.5 g kg–1) and clay content (24–294 g kg–1). Calorimetric calibration of five probe-type ultrasonifiers revealed that the actual energy output from an instrument can depart widely from its nominal output, and that this discrepancy varies from instrument to instrument. Calorimetric calibration is therefore essential for consistency and comparisons between laboratories. Between 450 and 500 J ml–1 of ultrasonic dispersion energy was enough to disperse completely all samples investigated. The particle size distributions obtained were close to those from standard analysis, except for smaller yields (–20 to –80 g kg–1) of sand size fractions, which suggests that dispersion by ultrasound is more effective. Based on total C, C:N ratio and distribution of dissolved C, no detachment of soil organic matter from primary organomineral complexes and no redistribution between particle size fractions could be detected in the range 30–590 J ml–1 of dispersion energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00211.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charred organic carbon in German chernozemic soils (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 50 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Burning vegetation produces partly charred plant material which subsequently could contribute to the highly refractory proportion of soil organic matter. The presence of charred organic carbon (COC) was investigated in 17 horizons originating from nine soils from Germany and the Netherlands using a suite of complementary methods (high-energy ultraviolet photo-oxidation, scanning electron microscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, lignin analysis by CuO oxidation). Charred organic carbon could not be detected in the A horizons of an Alisol and a Gleysol, but it contributed up to 45% of the organic carbon and up to about 8 g kg–1 of the soil in a range of grey to black soils (Cambisol, Luvisol, Phaeozem, Chernozem and Greyzem). All these soils have chernozemic soil properties (dark colour, A–C profile, high base saturation, bioturbation). A 10-km colour sequence of four chernozemic soils, which were very similar in chemical and physical properties, showed a strong relation between colour and the content of COC. This suggests that the COC affects mainly soil colour in the sequence studied. Finely divided COC seems to be a major constituent of many chernozemic soils in Germany. These results suggest that besides climate, vegetation and bioturbation, fire has played an important role in the pedogenesis of chernozemic soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00236.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the interaction between two oppositely signed, shielded, monopolar vortices (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 10 (1998), S. 3099-3110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The formation two-dimensional dipolar vortices by the interaction between two shielded monopolar vortices with opposite vorticity, as shown in a numerical study by Couder and Basdevant,〈citeref RID="R1" STYLE="SUPERIOR"〉1 is investigated in detail, both experimentally, in a nonrotating stratified fluid and numerically by direct solutions of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. A comparative study between the laboratory experiments and numerical simulations is performed. The vorticity distribution measured in the early stage of the evolution in the laboratory is used as initial data for the simulations, and an additional damping term in the Navier–Stokes equations, that accounts for the vertical diffusion in the laboratory experiments, is used. The results show that, depending on the initial separation between the vortices, the shields of the monopoles are peeled off and indeed a compact dipole with a linear (ω,ψ)-relationship is formed, or when the monopoles are further apart the shields of the monopoles are perturbed and two tripoles are formed. The characteristics of the emerged dipole are analyzed and a dye visualization of the dipole formation is performed. A second, more general numerical study yields a relationship between the formation time of the dipole and the initial separation distance between the monopoles and it shows that the deshielding process can be explained by the domination of strain over vorticity. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869838
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of a nonlinear dipole vortex (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 7 (1995), S. 2220-2229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A localized stationary dipole solution to the Euler equations with a relationship between the vorticity and streamfunction given as ω=−ψ+ψ3 is presented. By numerical integration of the Euler equations this dipole is shown to be unstable. However, the initially unstable dipole reorganizes itself into a new nonlinear dipole, which is found to be stable. This new structure has a functional relationship given as ω=αψ+βψ3−γψ5. Such dipoles are stable to head-on collisions and they are capable of creating tripolar structures when colliding off axis. The effects of increasing Newtonian viscosity on the nonlinear dipole is studied revealing that even though the nonlinearity is weakening, the dipole does not relax towards a Lamb dipole. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868470
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New and versatile ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope for film growth experiments (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 2696-2703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: With the increasing popularity of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in surface science, many ideas for additional and new technical features have been proposed. The work herein contributes to this evolution with a special STM design. The STM described is part of an experimental apparatus for thin film growth investigations in ultrahigh vacuum. Besides the STM, the apparatus includes facilities for thermal desorption spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy and a Kelvin probe for measuring dynamic work function changes. The Kelvin probe is optimized for gas adsorption experiments as well as for in situ film growth investigations during metal deposition. These added features combined with the STM and easy sample transfer yield a new powerful tool for in situ controlled preparation and extensive characterization of thin films. In the present work we describe the novel features of this STM and we demonstrate the efficiency of the whole system by giving a few representative results. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149001
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