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  • 11
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    Towards Understanding the DO-178C / ED-12C Assurance Case (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes initial work towards building an explicit assurance case for DO-178C / ED-12C. Two specific questions are explored: (1) What are some of the assumptions upon which the guidance in the document relies, and (2) What claims are made concerning test coverage analysis?
    Keywords: Computer Programming and Software
    Type: NF1676L-14750 , 7th International IET System Safety Conference, Incorporating the Cyber Security Conference 2012; Oct 15, 2012 - Oct 18, 2012; Edinburgh; United Kingdom
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    A Possible Approach for Addressing Neglected Human Factors Issues of Systems Engineering (2011)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The increasing complexity of safety-critical applications has led to the introduction of decision support tools in the transportation and process industries. Automation has also been introduced to support operator intervention in safety-critical applications. These innovations help reduce overall operator workload, and filter application data to maximize the finite cognitive and perceptual resources of system operators. However, these benefits do not come without a cost. Increased computational support for the end-users of safety-critical applications leads to increased reliance on engineers to monitor and maintain automated systems and decision support tools. This paper argues that by focussing on the end-users of complex applications, previous research has tended to neglect the demands that are being placed on systems engineers. The argument is illustrated through discussing three recent accidents. The paper concludes by presenting a possible strategy for building and using highly automated systems based on increased attention by management and regulators, improvements in competency and training for technical staff, sustained support for engineering team resource management, and the development of incident reporting systems for infrastructure failures. This paper represents preliminary work, about which we seek comments and suggestions.
    Keywords: Systems Analysis and Operations Research
    Type: NF1676L-12585 , 6th IET International System Safety Conference 2011; Sep 20, 2011 - Sep 22, 2011; Birmingham; United Kingdom
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
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    Making the Implicit Explicit: Towards an Assurance Case for DO-178C (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: For about two decades, compliance with Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification (DO-178B) has been the primary means for receiving regulatory approval for using software on commercial airplanes. A new edition of the standard, DO-178C, was published in December 2011, and regulatory bodies have started the process towards recognizing this edition. The stated purpose of DO-178C remains unchanged from its predecessor: providing guidance for the production of software for airborne systems and equipment that performs its intended function with a level of confidence in safety that complies with airworthiness requirements. Within the text of the guidance, little or no rationale is given for how a particular objective or collection of objectives contributes to achieving this purpose. Thus the assurance case for the document is implicit. This paper discusses a current effort to make the implicit explicit. In particular, the paper describes the current status of the research seeking to identify the specific arguments contained in, or implied by, the DO-178C guidance that implicitly justify the assumption that the document meets its stated purpose.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety; Computer Programming and Software
    Type: NF1676L-16361 , International System Safety Conference; Aug 12, 2013 - Aug 16, 2013; Boston, MA
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
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    Comparing the Identification of Recommendations by Different Accident Investigators Using a Common Methodology (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Accident reports play a key role in the safety of complex systems. These reports present the recommendations that are intended to help avoid any recurrence of past failures. However, the value of these findings depends upon the causal analysis that helps to identify the reasons why an accident occurred. Various techniques have been developed to help investigators distinguish root causes from contributory factors and contextual information. This paper presents the results from a study into the individual differences that can arise when a group of investigators independently apply the same technique to identify the causes of an accident. This work is important if we are to increase the consistency and coherence of investigations following major accidents.
    Keywords: Statistics and Probability
    Type: NF1676L-14690 , 7th International IET System Safety Conference, Incorporating the Cyber Security Conference 2012; Oct 15, 2012 - Oct 18, 2012; Edinburgh; United Kingdom
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
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    Analyzing a Mid-Air Collision Over the Hudson River (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: On August 8, 2009, a private airplane collided with a sightseeing helicopter over the Hudson River near Hoboken, New Jersey. All three people aboard the airplane, the pilot and two passengers, and all six people aboard the helicopter, the pilot and five passengers, were killed. The National Transportation Safety Board report on the accident identified inherent limitations of the see-and-avoid concept, inadequate regulations, and errors by the pilots and an air traffic controller as causing or contributing to the accident. This paper presents the results of analyzing the accident using the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) approach to determining accident causation.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-14286 , 30th International System Safety Conference; Aug 06, 2012 - Aug 10, 2012; Atlanta, GA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
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    Epistemic Questions and Answers for Software System Safety (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: System safety is primarily concerned with epistemic questions, that is, questions concerning knowledge and the degree of confidence that can be placed in that knowledge. For systems with which human experience is long, such as roads, bridges, and mechanical devices, knowledge about what is required to make the systems safe is deep and detailed. High confidence can be placed in the validity of that knowledge. For other systems, however, with which human experience is comparatively short, such as those that rely in part or in whole on software, knowledge about what is required to ensure safety tends to be shallow and general. The confidence that can be placed in the validity of that knowledge is consequently low. In a previous paper, we enumerated a collection of foundational epistemic questions concerning software system safety. In this paper, we review and refine the questions, discuss some difficulties that attend to answering the questions today, and speculate on possible research to improve the situation.
    Keywords: Computer Programming and Software
    Type: NF1676L-10186 , 28th International System Safety Conference; Aug 30, 2010 - Sep 03, 2010; Minneapolis, MN; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
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    The Second NASA Formal Methods Workshop 1992 (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The primary goal of the workshop was to bring together formal methods researchers and aerospace industry engineers to investigate new opportunities for applying formal methods to aerospace problems. The first part of the workshop was tutorial in nature. The second part of the workshop explored the potential of formal methods to address current aerospace design and verification problems. The third part of the workshop involved on-line demonstrations of state-of-the-art formal verification tools. Also, a detailed survey was filled in by the attendees; the results of the survey are compiled.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA-CP-10110 , NAS 1.55:10110 , Aug 11, 1992 - Aug 13, 1992; Hampton, VA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    A Safety Conundrum Illustrated: Logic, Mathematics, and Science Are Not Enough (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In an ideal world, conversations about whether a particular system is safe, or whether a particular method or tool enhances safety, would be emotion-free discussions concentrating on the level of safety required, available evidence, and coherent logical, mathematical, or scientific arguments based on that evidence. In the real world, discussions about safety are often not emotion-free. Political and economic arguments may play a bigger role than logical, mathematical, and scientific arguments, and psychological factors may be as important, or even more important, than purely technical factors. This paper illustrates the conundrum that can result from this clash of the ideal and the real by means of an imagined conversation among a collection of fictional characters representing various types of people who may be participating in a safety discussion.
    Keywords: Social and Information Sciences (General)
    Type: NF1676L-10987 , 5th IET International System Safety Conference 2010; Oct 18, 2010 - Oct 20, 2010; Manchester; United Kingdom
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
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    Safety Arguments for Next Generation, Location Aware Computing (2010)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Concerns over accuracy, availability, integrity, and continuity have limited the integration of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) for safety-critical applications. More recent augmentation systems, such as the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the North American Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) have begun to address these concerns. Augmentation architectures build on the existing GPS/GLONASS infrastructures to support location based services in Safety of Life (SoL) applications. Much of the technical development has been directed by air traffic management requirements, in anticipation of the more extensive support to be offered by GPS III and Galileo. WAAS has already been approved to provide vertical guidance for aviation applications. During the next twelve months, the full certification of EGNOS for SoL applications is expected. This paper discusses similarities and differences between the safety assessment techniques used in Europe and North America.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-10960 , 5th IET International System Safety Conference 2010; Oct 18, 2010 - Oct 20, 2010; Machester; United Kingdom
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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