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  • 11
    Unknown
    Berlin ; Heidelberg : Springer
    Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION Theoretical modelling and the use of mathematical methods are presently gaining in importance since progress in both geology and mathematics offers new possibilities to combine both fields. Most geological problems are inherently geometrical and morphological, and, therefore, amenable to a classification of forms from a "Gestalt point of view". Geometrical objects have to possess an inherent stability in order to preserve their essential quality under slight deformations. Otherwise, we could hardly conceive of them or describe them, and today's observation would not reproduce yesterday's result (DANGELMAYR & GÜTTINGER, 1982). This principle has become known as "structural stability" (THOM, 1975), i.e. the persistence of a phenomenon under all allowed perturbations. Stability is also, of course, an assumption of classical Newtonian physics, which is essentially the theory of various kinds of smooth behavior (POSTON &STEWART, 1978). However, things sometimes "jump". A new species with a different morphology appears suddenly in the paleontological record (EI.DREDGE & GOULD, 1972), a fault develops, a landslide moves, a computer program becomes unstable with a certain data configuration, etc. It is, surprisingly, the topological approach which permits the study of a broad range of such phenomena in a coherent manner (POSTON & STEWART, 1978; LU, 1976; STEWART, 1982). The universal singularities and bifurcation processes derived from the concept of structural stabiIity determine the spontaneous formation of qualitatively similar spatio-temporal structures in systems of various geneses exhibiting critical behavior (DANGELMAYR & GÜTTINGER, 1982; THOM, 1975; POSTON & STEWART, 1978; GÜTTINGER & EIKEMEIER, t979; STEWART, 1981). In addition, this return to a "geometrization of phenomena"-- after decades of algorithmization-- comes much closer to the geologist's intuitive geometric reasoning. It is the aim of this study to elucidate, by examples, how the qualitative geometrical approach allows one to classify forms and to control the behavior of complex computer algorithms...
    Pages: Online-Ressource (229 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783540139836
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 76 (1987), S. 485-503 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The relationship between radiometric and biostratigraphic ages is analyzed by local empirical methods and illustrated in chronograms for the mesozoic and paleozoic stages. The chronograms allow estimates for stage boundaries and their errors. Consequently, the ages for epoch boundaries and their errors are discussed which, for several reasons, may not be identical with the age and error of the oldest stage of an epoch. The analysis results in a comparative time scale which could be a compromise between the time scales currently under discussion. A specific feature of the derived time scale is its rather strong cyclicity with periods around 74 (73±1) ma.
    Abstract: Résumé Les relations entre les âges radiométriques et les âges biostratigraphiques sont analysées par des méthodes locales et empiriques. Elles sont présentées dans des chronogrammes se référant aux étages du MésozoÏque et du PaléozoÏque. Ces chronogrammes permettent d'estimer les limites d'étages et les erreurs de cette estimation. Les âges des limites de systèmes et leurs erreurs sont discutés en conséquence. Pour diverses raisons ils ne sont pas identiques à ceux de l'étage le plus ancien d'un système. L'analyse des chronogrammes aboutit à une échelle de temps comparative qui représente un compromis entre les échelles de temps couramment discutées. Une propriété remarquable de cette échelle est de faire apparaÎtre une cyclicité dont la période est de 74 (73±1) Ma.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Alter und Fehlergrenzen für mesozoische und paläozoische Stufengrenzen werden mittels einer lokalen empirischen Schätzmethode neu berechnet. Daraus ergeben sich Schätzungen für die Alter und Fehler der Epochengrenzen, die aus verschiedenen Gründen nicht mit denen derältesten Stufe einer Epoche zusammenfallen. Die Auswertung der Chronogramme führt zu einer vergleichenden Zeitskala, die im wesentlichen einen Kompromi\ zwischen den gegenwärtig gängigen Zeitskalen darstellt. Bemerkenswert ist, da\ die Zeitskala ein hohes Ma\ an Zyklizität aufweist, wobei sich Perioden von 74 (73±1) ma ergeben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 67 (1978), S. 980-990 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract By sedimentological examples it is shown that there are limits to quantify geological processes. Processes like fluidization and liquidization of sediments are dominated by topological qualitative properties rather than by quantitative parameters. The occurence of instabilities can be called a “sedimentological paradoxon”. The qualitative analysis is done by use of differential and difference equations.
    Abstract: Résumé La consolidation au cours de la sédimentation mène souvent pour quelques sédiments á des transformations instables telles que la “liquidisation” et la “fluidification”. La simulation mathématique offre la possibilité d'étudier ce paradoxe sédimentologique de faÇon qualitative ou semi-quantitative á l'aide d'équations différentielles et de différence.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Kompaktion von Sedimenten werden Grenzen der Quantifizierung geologischer Vorgänge aufgezeigt. Prozesse, die dazu neigen instabil zu werden, sind vorwiegend durch topologische, nur noch qualitativ erfaßbare Eigenschaften bestimmt. Besonders deutlich wird dies bei „fluidization“ und „liquidization“ von Sedimenten unter Eigenlast. In diesem Zusammenhang kann man von einem „sedimentologischen Paradoxon“ sprechen. Zur qualitativen Untersuchung werden Differentialgleichungen und Differenzengleichungen eingesetzt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 78 (1989), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The classical partial differential equation for compaction proves to provide a rather singular model, if the deformations caused by overload become reasonably large. An alternative model for compaction is derived by adapting an Eulerian view and by deriving the model equations from integral equations rather than from a priori differentiability assumptions. The result is not — as usual — a single partial differential equation, but an infinite set of differential equations, interesting in both mathematical and geological terms. Although there are still several simplifications and linearizations in the derived model, the model illustrates at least that the classical Terzaghi equation and mathematical models in its vicinity are highly idealized and probably instable, if applied to large scale systems.
    Abstract: Résumé L'équation classique aux dérivées partielles de la compaction fournit un modèle très simplifié, particulièrement dans le cas où les déformations dues à la surcharge deviennent considérables. L'auteur propose en alternative un modèle, adapté des conceptions eulériennes, qui repose sur les équations intégrales plutót que sur la présomption de différenciabilité. Le résultat n'est plus une simple équation aux dérivées partielles, mais un système infini de telles équations. Bien que le modèle présenté implique des hypothèses simplificatrices et des linéarisations, on peut néanmoins en déduire que l'équation classique de Terzaghi, ainsi que les modèles modifiés qui en découlent, sont très probablement instables s'ils sont appliqués à des systèmes à forte déformation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klassische partielle Differentialgleichung für die Kompaktion stellt ein sehr vereinfachtes Modell dar, zumindest für den Fall, daß die Deformationen infolge Auflast sehr groß werden. Hier wird ein alternatives Modell entwickelt, das nicht von der Voraussetzung der Differenzierbarkeit ausgeht, sondern über Integralgleichungen entwickelt wird, wobei die Eulersche Sicht des Raum-Zeitbezuges zur Anwendung kommt. Das Resultat ist dann nicht mehr eine einfache partielle Differentialgleichung, sondern ein unendliches System solcher Gleichungen. Obwohl auch das entwickelte Modell vereinfachte Annahmen erfordert und stark linearisiert, so verdeutlicht es doch zumindest, daß die klassische Therzaghi Gleichung und modifizierte Modelle, die auf diese Gleichung aufbauen, sehr wahrscheinlich instabil sind, wenn sie auf Systeme mit großen Deformationen angewandt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 78 (1989), S. 807-819 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Laboratory experiments, statistical analysis of field data and theoretical models are combined in the attempt to derive standard compaction curves for various deep-sea sediments which are in compaction equilibrium with the overburden. A revised and generalized version of Athy's law together with laboratory experiments allows the classification of sediments in terms of the amount of porewater structurally bound to the particles' surfaces. Especially suction pressure experiments are useful in quantifying the forces that bind water on the particle surfaces. The sediments analyzed almost range from systems of »suspended grains« to nearly perfect »colloidal systems«. The methods and equations required to derive the relevant parameters are given for both, downhole porosity/density measurements and laboratory experiments.
    Abstract: Résumé A partir d'une synthèse de résultats d'expériences de laboratoires, d'analyses statistiques de données de terrain et d'une modélisation théorique, il est possible d'établir des courbes standard du processus de compaction pour divers types de sédiments de mer profonde, pour lesquels la compaction est en équilibre avec la charge. Une version revue et généralisée de la loi d'Athy permet, en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux, de classer les sédiments selon la quantité d'eau intersticielle liée structuralement à la surface des particules. Les sédiments analysés correspondent à des systèmes qui vont du type à «grains suspendus» à des colloïdes presque parfaits. Les auteurs présentent une discussion détaillée des méthodes et des équations néssaires à l'obtention des paramètres significatifs tant à partir des expériences de laboratoire qu'à partir des mesures de porosité/densité effectuées dans les forages.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Synthese experimenteller Labordaten, statistischer Analysen von Messungen an Kernen und theoretischer Modellierung der Kompaktion im Gleichgewicht mit der Auflast ermöglicht die Definition von Typ-Kurven für das Kompaktionsverhalten von verschiedenen Tiefsee-Sedimenten. Eine erweiterte und verbesserte Form der Athy'schen Gleichung erlaubt zusammen mit Laborexperimenten, Sedimente entsprechend des Anteils an strukturell gebundenem Porenwasser zu klassifizieren. Anhand von Saugspannungsexperimenten können die Bindungskräfte zwischen Wasser und Partikeloberflächen abgeschätzt werden. Die untersuchten Sedimente reichen von »suspendierten Körnern« bis zu einem »kolloidalen System«. Die notwendigen Methoden und Gleichungen zur Bestimmung der relevanten Parameter aus Bohrlochdaten und Laborexperimenten werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2012-02-13
    Description: The Central European Basin System (CEBS) includes the former Northern and Southern Permian Basins together with superimposed Meso-Cenozoic sub-basins and contains a thick layer of Upper Permian (Zechstein) salt. This salt was mobilized in response to several post-Permian tectonic events. In order to analyse the regional relationship between the structural pattern of the Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary cover and the distribution of the Upper Permian salt, a 3D structural model of the CEBS has been constructed. In this model, the Permian salt is resolved as an extra layer for the entire basin system. According to the 3D structural model, the salt layer is strongly deformed as a result of halokinetic activity. The thickest salt is localized within salt walls and diapirs, reaching up to 9 km of thickness. A regional structural 3D analysis of the overburden in relation to underlying ductile salt demonstrates that the geometry of the sedimentary cover is strongly complicated by a variety of salt structures. The withdrawal of the Permian salt appears to have played a key role in both deposition and deformation of Meso-Cenozoic deposits in addition to tectonically forced regional subsidence.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1990-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1376
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-5269
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 1972-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-0220
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-6812
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 1974-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-0220
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-6812
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Print ISSN: 2572-4517
    Electronic ISSN: 2572-4525
    Topics: Geosciences
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