ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. The big questions -- 2. Thermodynamics in a nutshell -- 3. Elementary models of radiation balance -- 4. Radiative transfer in temperature-stratified atmospheres -- 5. Scattering -- 6. The surface energy balance -- 7. Variation of temperature with season and latitude -- 8. Evolution of the atmosphere -- 9. A peek at dynamics

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This unitary resource sets out the derivation of conservation, thermodynamic, and evolution equations used in modeling multiphase porous media systems. It includes detailed, multiscale applications and a forward-looking discussion of open research issues. Thermodynamically constrained averaging theory provides a consistent method for upscaling conservation and thermodynamic equations for application in the study of porous medium systems. The method provides dynamic equations for phases, interfaces, and common curves that are closely based on insights from the entropy inequality. All larger scale variables in the equations are explicitly defined in terms of their microscale precursors, facilitating the determination of important parameters and macroscale state equations based on microscale experimental and computational analysis. The method requires that all assumptions that lead to a particular equation form be explicitly indicated, a restriction which is useful in ascertaining the range of applicability of a model as well as potential sources of error and opportunities to improve the analysis.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chapter 1 Elements of Thermodynamically Constrained Averaging Theory.- Chapter 2 Microscale Conservation Principles.- Chapter 3 Microscale Thermodynamics.- Chapter 4 Microscale Equilibrium Conditions.- Chapter 5 Microscale Closure for a Fluid Phase.- Chapter 6 Macroscale Conservation Principles.- Chapter 7 Macroscale Thermodynamics.- Chapter 8 Evolution Equations.- Chapter 9 Single-Fluid-Phase Flow.- Chapter 10 Single-Fluid-Phase Species Transport.- Chapter 11 Two-Phase Flow.- Chapter 12 Modeling Approach and Extensions.- Appendix A Considerations on Calculus of Variations.- Appendix B Derivations of Averaging Theorems.- Appendix C Constrained Entropy Inequality Derivations.- Index.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Part 1 Climate Physics ; The Greenhouse Effect ; Wagging the Dog ; By the Light of the Silvery Moon ; Radiative Transfer ; The Balance of Energy ; The Birth of the General Circulation Model ; Aerosols ; Ocean Heat and Committed Warming ; Taking Earth's Temperature ; Ice Sheets and Sea Level ; The Public Statement ; PART 2 Carbon Cycle ; The Sky is Rising ; Denial and Acceptance ; Bookends ; One if by Land ; Two if by Sea ; Ocean pH ; Tiny Bubbles ; Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1 A GIS-based framework for modeling and global design of Earth systems ; 2 Geoinformatics for climate change research ; 3 Reactions of mountain glaciers to climate change - a remote sensing approach ; 4 Geoinformatics and the mapping of Lands vulnerable to sea level rise ; 5 Geospatial tools to assess forest ecosystems under climate change trajectories ; 6 Geoinformatics for comprehensive impact assessment and analysis of climate change for integrated water resources management ; 7 Climate - Population - Energy: Prognoses for 2050 ; 8 Geoprocessing for soft mapping of sparse and inaccurate evapotranspiration data ; 9 Impact of climate variability on human health ; 10 Geo-information-based approach for monitoring climate-induced land degradation in Nigeria ; 11 Assessing Land surface temperature over Bangladesh using MODIS satellite images - an indicator of climate change ; 12 High resolution climate change scenarios for Morocco for the 21st century ; 13 GIScience tools for climate change related natural hazards and modeling ; 14 Spatial data infrastructure convergence: Building SDI bridges to address climate change ; 15 Geoinformatics for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction ; 16 Geoinformatics and communication technologies for climate change hazards: Musing beyond the technical issues

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Holocene is unique when compared to earlier geological time in that humans begin to alter and manipulate the natural environment to their own needs. Domestication of crops and animals and the resultant intensification of agriculture lead to profound changes in the impact humans have on the environment. Conversely, as human populations began to increase geologic and climatic factors begin to have a greater impact on civilizations. To understand and reconstruct the complex interplay between humans and the environment over the past ten thousand years requires examination of multiple differing but interconnected aspects of the environment and involves geomorphology, paleoecology, geoarchaeology and paleoclimatology. These Springer Briefs volumes examine the dynamic interplay between humans and the natural environment as reconstructed by the many and varied sub-fields of the Earth Sciences. Table of contens: Foreword by Michelle Goman.- Genesis of an artifact layer at the La Playa archaeological site, Sonora, Mexico.- Quaternary stratigraphy of the La Playa archaeological site, Northern Sonora, Mexico.- The Red River raft and its sedimentological implications.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Content: I. PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY 1. Microorganisms and Microbiology 2. A Brief Journey to the Microbial World 3. Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea II. METABOLISM AND GROWTH 4. Nutrition, Culture, and Metabolism of Microorganisms 5. Microbial Growth III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENE EXPRESSION 6. Molecular Biology of Bacteria 7. Archael and Eukaryotic Molecular Biology 8. Regulation of Gene Expression IV. VIROLOGY, GENETICS, AND GENOMICS 9. Viruses and Virology 10. Genetics of Bacteria and Arachaea 11. Genetic Engineering 12. Microbial Genomics V. METABOLIC DIVERSITY AND COMMERICAL BIOCATALYSES 13. Phototrophy, Chemolithotrophy, and Major Biosyntheses 14. Catabolism of Organic Compounds 15. Commercial Products and Biotechnology VI. MICROBIAL EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 16. Microbial Evolution and Systematics 17.Bacteria: The Proteobacteria 18. Other Bacteria 19. Archaea 20. Eukaryotic Cell Biology and Eukaryotic Microorganisms 21. Viral Diversity VII. Microbial Ecology 22. Methods in Microbial Ecology 23. Major Microbial Habitats and Diversity 24. Nutrient Cycles, Biodegradation, and Bioremediation 25. Microbial Symbioses VIII. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND PATHOGENICITY 26. Microbial Growth Control 27. Microbial Interactions with Humans IX. IMMUNOLOGY 28. Immunity and Host Defense 29. Immune Mechanisms 30. Molecular Immunology X. DIAGNOSING AND TRACKING MICROBIAL DISEASES 31. Diagnostic Microbiology and Immunology 32. Epidemiology XI. HUMAN- AND ANIMAL-TRANSMITTED INFECTIOUS DISEASES 33. Person-to-Person Microbial Diseases 34. Vectorborne and Soilborne Microbial Pathogens XII. COMMON SOURCE INFECTIOUS DISEASE 35. Wastewater Treatment, Water Purification, and Waterborne Microbial Diseases 36. Food Preservation and Foodborne Microbial Diseases Appendices 1 and 2 Glossary Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The historical links between geology and medicine are surprisingly numerous and diverse. This, the first ever volume dedicated to the subject, contains contributions from an international authorship of geologists, historians and medical professionals.Rocks, minerals, fossils and earths have been used therapeutically since earliest times and details recorded on ancient papyri, clay tablets, medieval manuscripts and early published sources. Pumice was used to clean teeth, antimony to heal wounds, clays as antidotes to poison, gold to cure haemorrhoids and warts, and gem pastes to treat syphilis and the plague, while mineral springs preserved health. Geology was crucial in the development of public health. Medical men who made important contributions to geology include Steno, Worm, Parkinson, Bigsby, William Hunter, Jenner, John Hulke, Conan Doyle, Gorini and various Antarctic explorers.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: AA-LAVA.- Accelerometer.- Acid Rain.- Adaptation.- Airphoto and Satellite Imagery.- Albedo.- Antecedent Conditions.- Arsenic in Groundwater.- Asteroid.- Asteroid Impact.- Asteroid Impact Mitigation.- Asteroid Impact Predictions.- Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time (ALERT).- Avalanches.- Aviation (Hazards to).- Avulsion.- Base Surge.- Beach Nourishment (Replenishment).- Beaufort Wind Scale.- Biblical Events.- Body Wave.- Breakwaters.- Building Code.- Building Failure.- Buildings, Structures, and Public Safety.- Calderas.- Casualties Following Natural Hazards.- Challenges to Agriculture.- Civil Protection and Crisis Management.- Classification of Natural Disasters.- Climate Change.- Cloud Seeding.- Coal Fire (Underground).- Coastal Erosion.- Coastal Zone Risk Management.- Cognitive Dissonance.- Collapsing Soil Hazards.- Comet.- Communicating Emergency Information.- Community Management of Natural Hazards.- Complexity Theory.- Concrete Structures.- Convergence.- Coping Capacity.- Cost-Benefit Analysis of Natural Hazard Mitigation.- Costs (Economic) of Natural Hazards and Disasters.- Creep.- Critical Incident Stress Syndrome.- Critical Infrastructure.- Cryological Engineering.- Cultural Heritage and Natural Hazards.- Damage and the Built Environment.- Debris Avalanche.- Debris Flow.- Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformation.- Desertification.- Disaster Diplomacy.- Disaster Relief.- Disaster Research and Policy, History.- Disaster Risk Management.- Disaster Risk Reduction.- Disasters.- Dispersive Soil Hazards.- Doppler Weather Radar.- Dose Rate.- Drought.- Dust Bowl.- Dust Devil.- Dust Storm.- Dvorak Classification of Hurricanes.- Early Warning Systems.- Earthquake.- Earthquake Damage.- Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting.- Earthquake Resistant Design.- Economic Valuation of Life.- Economics of Disasters.- Education and Training for Emergency Preparedness.- Elastic Rebound Theory.- Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR).- El Niño/Southern Oscillation.- Emergency Management.- Emergency Mapping.- Emergency Planning.- Emergency Shelter.- Epicenter.- Epidemiology of Disease in Natural Disasters.- Erosion.- Erosivity.- Eruption Types (Volcanic Eruptions).- Evacuation.- Expansive Soils and Clays.- Expert (Knowledge-Based) Systems for Disaster Management.- Exposure to Natural Hazards.- Extensometers.- Extinction.- Extreme Value Theory.- Eyjafjallajökull Eruptions 2010.- Fault.- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).- Fetch.- Fire and Firestorms.- Flash Flood.- Flood Deposits.- Flood Hazard and Disaster.- Flood Protection.- Flood Stage.- Floodplain.- Floodway.- Fog Hazard Mitigation.- Fog Hazards.- Föhn.- Forest and Range Fires.- Frequency and Magnitude of Events.- Frost Hazard.- Fujita Tornado Scale.- Fumarole.- Galeras Volcano, Colombia.- Gas-Hydrates.- Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Natural Hazards.- Geographic Information Technology.- Geohazards.- Geological/Geophysical Disasters.- Glacier Hazards.- Global Change and its Implications for Natural Disasters.- Global Dust.- Global Network of Civil Society Organizations for Disaster Reduction.- Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Natural Hazards.- Global Seismograph Network (GSN).- Haiti Earthquake 2010: Psychosocial Impacts.- Harmonic Tremor.- Hazard.- Hazard and Risk Mapping.- Hazardousness of a Place.- Heat Waves.- High-Rise Buildings in Natural Disaster.- Historical Events.- Hospitals in Disaster.- Human Impacts of Hazards.- Humanity as an Agent of Natural Disasters.- Hurricane (Typhoon, Cyclone).- Hurricane Katrina.- Hydrocompaction Subsidence.- Hydrograph, Flood.- Hydrometeorological Hazards.- Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.- Hypocenter.- Ice and Icebergs.- Ice Storms.- Impact Airblast.- Impact Ejecta.- Impact Fireball.- Impact Firestorms.- Impact Tsunamis.- Impact Winter.- Inclinometers.- Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004.- Induced Seismicity.- Information and Communication Technology.- Insect Hazards.- Insurance.- Integrated Emergency Management System.- Intensity Scales.- International Strategies for Disaster Reduction (IDNDR and ISDR).- Internet, World Wide Web and Natural Hazards.- Isoseismal.- Jökulhlaups.- Karst Hazards.- Krakatoa (Krakatau).- Lahar.- Land Degradation.- Land Subsidence.- Land Use, Urbanization, and Natural Hazards.- Landsat Satellite.- Landslide.- Landslide Dam.- Landslide Impacts.- Landslide Inventory.- Landslide Triggered Tsunami, Displacement Wave.- Landslide Types.- Land-Use Planing.- Lateral Spreading.- Lava.- Levee.- Lightning.- Liquefaction.- Livelihoods and Disasters.- Loess.- Macroseismic Survey.- Magma.- Magnitude Measures.- Marginality.- Marine Hazards.- Mass Media and Natural Disasters.- Mass Movement.- Megacities and Natural Hazards.- Mega-Fires in Greece (2007).- Mercalli, Giuseppe (1850-1914).- Meteorite.- Methane Release from Hydrate.- Mining Subsidence Induced Fault Reactivation.- Misconceptions About Natural Disaster.- Mitigation.- Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale.- Monitoring Natural Hazards.- Monsoons.- Montserrat Eruptions.- Mortality and Injury in Natural Disasters.- Mt Pinatubo.- Mud Volcanoes.- Mudflow.- Myths and Misconceptions in Disasters.- Natural Hazard.- Natural Hazards in Developing Countries.- Natural Radioactivity.- Neotectonics.- Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia 1985.- North Anatolian Fault.- Nuée Ardente.- Overgrazing.- Ozone.- Ozone Loss.- Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (PTWS).- Pahoehoe Lava.- Paleoflood Hydrology.- Paleoseismology.- Paraglacial.- Perception of Natural Hazards and Disasters.- Permafrost.- Piezometer.- Piping Hazard.- Planning Measures and Political Aspects.- Plate Tectonics.- Pore-Water Pressure.- Post Disaster Mass Care Needs.- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).- Primary Wave (P-Wave).- Probable Maximum Flood (PMF).- Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP).- Psychological Impacts of Natural Disasters.- Pyroclastic Flow.- Queensland Floods (2010-2011) and Tweeting.- Quick Clay.- Quick Sand.- Radiation Hazards.- Radon Hazards.- Recovery and Reconstruction After Disaster.- Recurrence Interval.- Red Cross and Red Crescent.- Red Tides.- Reflections on Modeling Disaster.- Release Rates.- Religion and Hazards.- Remote Sensing of Natural Hazards and Disasters.- Reservoir, Dams, and Seismicity.- Resilience.- Richter, Charles Francis (1900-1985).- Rights and Obligations in International Humanitarian Assistance.- Rip Current.- Risk.- Risk Assessment.- Risk Governance.- Risk Perception and Communication.- Rock Avalanche (Sturzstrom).- Rockfall.- Rogue Wave.- Rotational Seismology.- Sackung.- Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale.- San Andreas Fault.- Santorini, Eruption.- Sea Level Change.- Secondary Wave (S-Wave).- Sedimentation of Reservoirs.- Seiche.- Seismic Gap.- Seismograph/Seismometer.- Seismology.- Shear.- Shield Volcano.- Sinkhole.- Slide and Slump.- Slope Stability.- Snowstorm and Blizzard.- Social-Ecological Systems.- Sociology of Disaster.- Solar Flares.- Solifluction.- Space Weather.- Storm Surges.- Storms.- Stratovolcanoes.- Structural Damage Caused by Earthquakes.- Structural Mitigation.- Subduction.- Subsidence Induced by Underground Extraction.- Sunspots.- Supernova.- Surge.- Susceptibility.- Tangshan, China (1976 Earthquake).- Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards.- Tectonic Tremor.- Thunderstorms.- Tidal Bores.- Tiltmeters.- Time and Space in Disaster.- Tohoku, Japan (2011 Earthquake and Tsunami).- Torino Scale.- Tornadoes.- Triggered Earthquakes.- Tsunami.- Tsunami Loads on Infrastructure.- Uncertainty.- United Nations Organizations and Natural Disasters.- Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).- Unreinforced Masonry Buildings.- Urban Environments and Natural Hazards.- Usoi Landslide and Lake Sarez.- Vaiont Landslide, Italy.- Vesuvius.- Volcanic Ash.- Volcanic Gas.- Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions.- Vulnerability.- Warning Systems.- Waterspout.- Wenchuan, China (2008 Earthquake).- Wildfire.- World Economy, Impact of Disasters.- Worldwide Trends in Natural Disasters.- Zoning

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In der betrieblichen Praxis wächst die Anzahl von Fragen ausländischer Firmen, Personal-, Steuer- und Rechtsleiter, Investoren und ausländischer Arbeitnehmer, wer im deutschen Arbeitsrecht die beteiligten Parteien sind (Arbeitnehmer, freie Mitarbeiter, Arbeitgeber, Betriebsrat, Gewerkschaften, Schwerbehindertenvertretung, Arbeitgeberverbände etc.), sowie danach, wie in Deutschland ein Arbeitsverhältnis mit Deutschen oder Ausländern unter Anwendung deutschen Rechts begründet, geführt und beendet werden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll das Werk dem ausländischen Anwender die am häufigsten gestellten Fragen beantworten.