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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Quelle: ACS Legacy Archives
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 125 (1992), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Schlagwort(e): Xenopus oocyte ; Na+/K+ ATPase ; Torpedo electroplax ; expression ; current-voltage relationship ; protein kinase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Modulation of the current generated by the Na+/K+ pump by membrane potential and protein kinases was investigated in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. In addition to a positive slope region in the current-voltage (I–V) relationship of the Na+/K+ pump, a negative slope region has been described in these cells (Lafaire & Schwarz, 1986) and has been attributed to a voltage-dependent apparent K m value for pump stimulation by external [K+] (Rakowski et al., 1991). To study this feature in more detail. Xenopus oocytes were used for comparative analysis of the negative slope of the I–V relationship of the endogenous Na+/K+ pump and of the Na+/K+ pump of the electric organ of Torpedo californica expressed in the oocytes. The effects of stimulation of protein kinases A and C on the negative slope were also analyzed. To investigate the negative slope over a wide potential range, experiments were performed in Na+-free solution and in the presence of high concentrations of Ba2+ and tetraethylammonium, to block all nonpump related K+-sensitive currents. Pump currents and pump-mediated fluxes were determined as differences of currents or fluxes in solutions with and without extracellular K+. The voltage dependence of the K m value for stimulation of the Na+/K+ pump by external [K+] shows significant species differences. Over the entire voltage range from -140 to +20 mV, the K m value for the Na+/K+ pump of Torpedo electroplax is substantially higher than for the endogenous pump and exhibits more pronounced voltage dependence. For the Xenopus pump, the voltage dependence can be described by voltage-dependent stimulation by external [K+] and can be interpreted by voltage-dependent K+ binding, assuming that an effective charge between 0.37 and 0.56 of an elementary charge is moved in the electrical field. An analogous evaluation of the voltage dependence of the Torpedo pump requires the assumption of movement of two effective charges of 0.16 and 1.0 of an elementary charge. Application of 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (diC8. 10–50 μm). which is known to stimulate protein kinase C, reduces the maximum activity of the Xenopus pumps in the oocyte membrane by 40% and modulates the voltage dependence of K+ stimulation. For the endogenous Xenopus pump, the apparent effective charge increased from 0.37 to 0.51 of elementary charge and the apparent K m at 0 mV increased from 0.46 to 0.83 mm. For the Torpedo pump, one of the apparent effective charges increased from 1.0 to 2.5 of elementary charge. Injection of cAMP (final concentration 50 μm), which stimulates protein kinase A, has an effect opposite to stimulation of protein kinase C. The activity of the Xenopus Na+/K+ pump is elevated by 80%, and the voltage dependence of K+ stimulation becomes less pronounced. For the endogenous pump the apparent effective charge decreased from 0.56 to 0.38 of elementary charge and the apparent K m at 0 mV decreased from 0.78 to 0.65 mm. Also for the Torpedo pump, the effective charges and apparent affinities became reduced. The data suggest that species differences in voltage-dependent stimulation of the Na+/K+ pump by external K+ can account for differences in the steepness of the negative slope in the I–V relationships observed in different preparations. In addition, they suggest that the voltage dependence and the maximum activity of the Na+/K+ pump can be modulated by activation of protein kinases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 69 (1993), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Informatik , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Exact predictions for two-pulse visual temporal integration data are derived from the Bouman-van der Velden quantum coincidence model for threshold vision. The predictions of the model start with complete summation for superposed pulses, then pass to a transition zone of partial integration, and finally reach the level of probability summation for pulses presented with large interstimulus intervals. From our results we can clearly reject the assumption of constant integration times with the basic model. We thus generalize the coincidence model to allow for variable integration times, derive the corresponding predictions for two-pulse integration data, and compare these predictions to published data currently available. It is shown that detectors of low order of coincidence generally underestimate the actual reduction of threshold intensity (or equivalently the corresponding increase of the detection probability) for two pulses as compared to the singlepulse performance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archiv der Mathematik 60 (1993), S. 154-156 
    ISSN: 1420-8938
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Schlagwort(e): Na-Pump current-voltage relationship ; Na dependence ; Access channel ; N-Terminus truncation ; (Xenopus oocyte)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Currents generated by the Na+/K+ ATPase were measured under voltage clamp in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. The dependence of pump current on external [Na+] was investigated for the endogenous Xenopus pump as well as for wild-type and mutated pumps of electroplax of Torpedo californica expressed in the oocytes. The mutants had α-subunits truncated before position Lys28 (αΔK28) or Thr29 (αΔT29) of the N-terminus. The currents generated by all variants of pump molecules in the presence of 5 mM K+ show voltage-dependent inhibition by external [Na+]. The apparent K1 values increase with membrane depolarisation, and the potential dependence can be described by the movement of effective charges in the electrical potential gradient across the membrane. Taking into account Na+-K+ competition for external binding to the E2P form, apparent K1 values and effective charges for the interaction of the Na+ ions with the E2P form can be estimated. For the Xenopus pump the effective charge amounts to 1.1 of an elementary charge and the K1 value at 0 mV to 44 mM. For the wild-type Torpedo pump, the analysis yields values of 0.73 of an elementary charge and 133 mM, respectively. Truncation at the N-terminus removing a lysinerich cluster of the a-subunit of the Torpedo pump leads to an increase of the effective charge and decrease of the K1 value. For αΔK28, values of 0.83 of an elementary charge and 117 mM are obtained, respectively. If LyS28 is included in the truncation (α·T29), the effective charge increases to 1.5 of an elementary charge and the apparent K1 value is reduced to 107 mM. The K, values for pump inhibition by external Na+, calculated by taking into account Na+-K+ competition, are smaller than the K/12 values determined in the presence of 5 mM [K+]. The difference is more pronounced for those pump variants that have higher Km, values. The variations of the parameters describing inhibition by external [Na+] are qualitatively similar to those described for the stimulation of the pumps by external [K+] in the absence of extracellular [Na+]. The observations may be explained by an acess channel within the membrane dielectric that has to be passed by the external Na+ and K+ ions to reach or leave their binding sites. The potential-dependent access and/or the interaction with the binding sites shows species differences and is affected by cytoplasmic lysine residues in the N-terminus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): DNA sequence ; Cellulase ; Endoglucanase ; Clostridium stercorarium ; Avocado
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the celZ gene coding for a thermostable endo-β-1,4-glucanase (Avicelase I) of Clostridium stercorarium was determined. The structural gene consists of an open reading frame of 2958 by which encodes a preprotein of 986 amino acids with an Mr of 109000. The signal peptide cleavage site was identified by comparison with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of Avicelase I purified from C. stercorarium culture supernatants. The recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli is proteolytically cleaved into catalytic and cellulose-binding fragments of about 50 kDa each. Sequence comparison revealed that the N-terminal half of Avicelase I is closely related to avocado (Persea americana) cellulase. Homology is also observed with Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase D and Pseudomonas fuorescens cellulase. The cellulose-binding region was located in the C-terminal half of Avicelase I. It consists of a reiterated domain of 88 amino acids flanked by a repeated sequence about 140 amino acids in length. The C-terminal flanking sequence is highly homologous to the non-catalytic domain of Bacillus subtilis endoglucanase and Caldocellum saccharolyticum endoglucanase B. It is proposed that the enhanced cellulolytic activity of Avicelase I is due to the presence of multiple cellulose-binding sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 106 (1994), S. 721-723 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 675-689 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Lithium zincate ; tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zincate ; x-ray structure ; NMR data ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis, Properties, and Structure of the Amine Adducts of Lithium Tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zincates.Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zinc and the aliphatic amine 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazinane (tmta) yield in n-pentane the 1:1 adduct, the tmta molecule bonds as an unidentate ligand to the zinc atom. Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zinc · tmta crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with {a = 897.7(3); b = 1 114.4(4); c = 1 627.6(6) pm; α = 90.52(1); β = 103.26(1); γ = 102.09(1)°; Z = 2}. The central C2ZnN moiety displays a nearly T-shaped configuration with a CZnC angle of 157° and Zn—C bond lengths of 199 pm. The Zn—N distances of 239 pm are remarkably long and resemble the loose coordination of this amine; a nearly complete dissociation of this complex is also observed in benzene. The addition of aliphatic amines such as tmta or tmeda to an equimolar etheral solution of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)methanide and bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zinc leads to the formation of the amine adducts of lithium tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zincate. Lithium tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zincate · tmeda · 2 Et2O crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with {a = 1 920.2(4); b = 2 243.7(5); c = 2 390.9(5) pm; Z = 8}. In the solid state solvent separated ions are observed; the lithium cation is distorted tetrahedrally surrounded by the two nitrogen atoms of the tmeda ligand and the oxygen atoms of both the diethylether molecules. The zinc atom is trigonal planar coordinated; the long Zn—C bonds with a value of 209 pm can be attributed to the steric and electrostatic repulsion of the three carbanionic bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl substituents.
    Notizen: Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zink reagiert in n-Pentan mit dem aliphatischen Amin 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1,3,5-triazinan (TMTA) unter Bildung des 1:1-Adduktes, wobei das TMTA-Molekül als einzähniger Ligand an das Zinkatom bindet. Das Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zink · TMTA kristallisiert in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1 mit {a = 897,7(3); b = 1 114,4(4); c = 1627,6(6) pm; α = 90,52(1); β = 103,26(1); γ = 102,09(1)°; Z = 2}. Das zentrale C2ZnN-Fragment weist mit einer nahezu T-förmigen Konfiguration einen CZnC-Winkel von 157° und Zn—C-Bindungslängen von 199 pm auf. Der Zn—N-Abstand von 239 pm ist außerordentlich lang und spricht für eine nur lockere Koordination des Amins, die durch eine weitgehende Dissoziation dieses Komplexes in Benzol bestätigt wird. Die Addition aliphatischer Amine wie TMEDA oder TMTA zu einer äquimolaren etherischen Lösung von Lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)methanid und Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-zink führt zur Bildung der Amin-Addukte des Lithium-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zinkats. Das Lithium-tris-[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]zinkat · TMEDA · 2 Et2O kristallisiert in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Pbca mit {a = 1 920,2(4); b = 2 243,7(5); c = 2 390,9(5) pm; Z = 8}. Es liegen solvensgetrennte Ionen vor; das Lithiumkation ist verzerrt tetraedrisch von den Stickstoffatomen des TMEDA-Liganden und den Sauerstoffatomen der beiden Diethylether-Moleküle umgeben. Das Zinkatom ist trigonal planar koordiniert, die langen Zn—C-Bindungen von 209 pm erklären sich aus der sterischen und elektrostatischen Abstoßung der drei carbanionischen Bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl-Substituenten.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 1455-1461 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Barium-bis[N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzamidinate] · DME · THF ; Benzamidinate ; X-ray Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Barium Bis[N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzamidinate] ° DME ° THFBarium bis[N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzamidinate] · thf · dme crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 1 122.0(2), b = 2 190.7(4), c = 1 840.2(3) pm, β = 98.04(1)° and Z = 4 containing a metal center in a distorted monocapped trigonal prismatic surrounding. The barium dibenzamidinate moiety is sent with an angle of 120°, although this leads to different Ba—N distances of 273 and 282 pm originating from the interligand repulsion of the trimethylsilyl groups and the dme substituent. The 1,3-diazaallyl fragment with C—N bond lengths of 132 pm shows a delocalisation of the anionic charge.
    Notizen: Barium-bis[N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)-benzamidinat] · DME · THF kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/n mit a = 1 122,0(2), b = 2 190,7(4), c = 1 840,2(3) pm, β = 98,04(1)° und Z = 4 mit einem Metallzentrum in einer einfach überdachten, verzerrt prismatischen Umgebung. Die Barium-dibenzamidinat-Substruktur ist mit einem Winkel von 120° gewinkelt, die zwei jeweils verschiedenen Ba—N-Abstände von 273 und 282 pm rühren von der sterischen Hinderung zwischen den Trimethylsilyl-Gruppen und dem DME-Liganden her. Das 1,3-Diazaallyl-Fragment weist mit C—N-Bindungslängen von 132 pm eine Delokalisation der anionischen Ladung auf.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 1777-1789 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Metal Silyls ; Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Potassium ; Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Rubidium ; Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Cesium ; Alkali Metal Toluene Adducts ; X-ray Structures ; Spectroscopic Data ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: About the Synthesis of Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Potassium, Rubidium and Cesium and the Molecular Structures of two Toluene Solvates.Solventfree tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl potassium (1), rubidium (2) and cesium (3) are obtained by the reaction of the zink group bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl] derivatives with the appropriate alkali metal in n-pentane. Addition of benzene or toluene to the colourless powders yields deeply coloured solutions. From these solutions single crystals of tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl rubidium - toluene (2/1) (2 a) and tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl cesium - toluene (2/3) (3 a) suitable for X-ray structure analysis are iso- lated [2a: orthorhombic; P212121; a = 1 382.1(3); b = 1 491.7(5); c = 2 106.3(6) pm; Z = 4 (dimers); 3a: orthorhombic; P212121; a = 2 131.0(6); b = 2 833.1(2); c = 925.2(2) pm; Z = 4 (dimers)]. The central structure moieties are folded four-membered Rb2Si2 and Cs2Si2 rings, respectively. Small Si—Si—Si angles (100 to 104°) on the one hand and extreme highfield 29Si-NMR shifts of the central silicon atoms on the other hand indicate a strong charge transfer from the alkali metal atoms to the tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl fragments, i.e. mainly ionic interactions between alkalimetal and silicon atoms.
    Notizen: Die Umsetzung der Bis[tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl]-Derivate der Zink-Gruppe mit Kalium, Rubidium und Caesium in n-Pentan liefert Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-kalium (1), -rubidium (2) und -caesium (3) als farblose, pyrophore Pulver. Nach Zugabe von Benzol order Toluol zu den solvensfreien Verbindungen bilden sich lösliche, farbige Aromaten-Solvate. An den Addukten Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-rubidium - Toluol (2/1) (2 a) und Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-caesium - Toluol (2/3) (3 a) wurden Kristallstrukturanalysen durchgeführt [2a: orthorhombisch; P212121; a = 1 382,1(3); b = 1 491,7(5); c = 2 106,3(6) pm; Z = 4 (Dimere); 3a: orthorhombisch; P212121; a = 2 131,0(6); b = 2 833,1(2); c = 925,2(2) pm; Z = 4 (Dimere)]. Demzufolge liegen sie im Festkörper als dimere Moleküle mit viergliedrigen, gefalteten Rb2Si2-bzw. Cs2Si2-Ringen vor. Die mit 100 bis 104° relativ kleinen Si—Si—Si-Winkel deuten ebenso wie die im 29Si-NMR-Spektrum beobachtete extreme Tieffeldverschiebung der Resonanzen des zentralen Siliciumatoms auf eine weitgehende Ladungsübertragung von den Alkalimetallatomen auf das Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-Fragment, d. h. vorwiegend ionische Wechselwirkungen in den Ringen aus Alkalimetall- und Siliciumatomen hin.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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