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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 118 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: The Cascadia Basin is located on the abyssal plain of the Juan de Fuca Plate, off the west coast of Vancouver Island. The sediments of the Cascadia Basin are very thick, over 2 km, and are underconsolidated because of a high rate of sedimentation. Seismic results suggest that the sediment acoustic velocities are low, and increase slowly and monotonically with depth from the sea-floor. A vertical electric dipole (VED) survey was conducted to obtain the resistivity structure of the upper kilometre of sediments, to determine the physical properties of a thick sequence of abyssal basin sediments, and for comparison with seismic results. While models with multiple layers can be found which fit the data, the‘best-fitting’models share a common feature—decreasing resistivity with depth, which is suggestive of a gradient in the resistivity. The feature is consistent with the results of other geological and geophysical studies. In particular, the seismic results do not indicate any significant contrast in the physical properties, i.e. layering, in the upper 500 m. We extend the VED theory to the case where resistivity varies continuously with depth, and obtain a gradient model that fits the Cascadia Basin data marginally better than simple layered models. The model resistivity is combined with heat-flow measurements for the determination of physical properties versus depth; the physical property models, the porosity, for example, are not consistent with the physical properties derived from seismic survey results. The mismatch is diagnostic of the underconsolidation, and is primarily due to the effects of the high rate of sedimentation on the seismic velocity and on the heat flow, which in turn influence the physical properties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 42 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Geophysical surveys and chemical analyses on cores were carried out in three Ontario peatlands, from which we have gained a better understanding of the peat properties that control the geophysical responses. The electrical conductivity depends linearly on the concentration of total dissolved solids in the peat pore waters and the pore waters in turn bear the ionic signatures of the underlying mineral sediments. The ionic concentration, and thus the electrical conductivity, increase linearly from the surface to basement. The average bulk electrical conductivity of peatlands at Ellice Marsh, near Stratford, and at Wally Creek Area Forest Drainage Project, near Cochrane, are of the order of 25 mS/m. The Mer Bleue peatland, near Ottawa, has extremely high electrical conductivity, reaching levels of up to 380 mS/m near the base of the peat. The Mer Bleue peatland water has correspondingly high values of total dissolved solids, which originate from the underlying Champlain Sea glaciomarine clays. The dielectric permittivity in peats is largely controlled by the bulk water content. Ground penetrating radar can detect changes in water content greater than 3%, occurring within a depth interval less than 15 cm. The principal peatland interfaces detected are the near-surface aerobic to anaerobic transition and the peat to mineral basement contact. The potential for the successful detection of the basement contact using the radar can be predicted using the radar instrument specifications, estimates of the peatland depth, and either the bulk peat or the peat pore water electrical conductivities. Predicted depths of penetration of up to 10 m for Ellice Marsh and Wally Creek exceed the observed depths of 1 to 2 m. At Mer Bleue, on the other hand, we observe that, as predicted, a 100 MHz signal will penetrate to the base of a 2 m thick peat but a 200 MHz signal will not.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of sustainability in higher education 3 (2002), S. 371-379 
    ISSN: 1467-6370
    Quelle: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Thema: Energietechnik , Pädagogik
    Notizen: The purpose of this paper is to describe the nature of the environmental science (ENVR) programme at the University of Canterbury, including the links between the ENVR departments and other university departments, and between the ENVR programme and agencies and institutions outside the University of Canterbury. Such links are an important aspect of any such programme and, having decribed and analysed them, possible future directions are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Key words geophysical methods ; contamination ; coastal aquifers ; landfills ; New Zealand
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La décharge de Burwood, qui est utilisée par la ville de Christchurch (Nouvelle Zélande), est située sur des sables littoraux recouvrant une séquence d'aquifères et d'imperméables. Les eaux souterraines s'écoulent vers la côte, à environ 700 m de la limite de la décharge. Peu après la fin de la première phase de développement de la décharge, un dispositif a été mis en place sur les puits afin de détecter la présence de contaminants provenant de la décharge. Des fuites ont été détectées dans les puits les plus proches de la décharge. Une reconnaissance électromagnétique de surface au moyen d'un EM31 a été réalisée entre la décharge et la côte pour délimiter l'éventuel panache de pollution. Les résultats de la prospection géophysique ont permis d'identifier ce panache ainsi que d'anciens chenaux alluviaux aboutissant à la côte. En aval-gradient, le panache s'étale vers le nord et vers le sud tout en se déplaçant vers l'est en direction de la côte. A partir des résultats de la géophysique, une nouvelle série de puits a été mise en place pour confirmer la présence de concentrations élevées en lessivat. Le prélèvement d'eau porale a confirmé la présence d'un panache de lessivat.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen El vertedero de Burwood, que presta servicio a la ciudad de Christchurch (Nueva Zelanda), está ubicado sobre arenas litorales que coronan una secuencia de acuíferos y acuitardos. El flujo subterráneo se dirige hacia la costa, situada a unos 700 m al Este del perímetro del vertedero. Tras ultimar la primera fase de construcción, se procedió a la instalación de una batería de pozos para detectar cualquier contaminante procedente del vertedero, descubriéndose lixiviados en los pozos más cercanos. También se llevó a cabo una campaña electromagnética somera (EM31) entre el vertedero y la costa con el fin de delimitar los penachos de contaminación que pudieran formarse. A partir de los datos geofísicos se logró identificar un penacho y varios paleocanales conectados a la costa. El fujo de lixiviados se inicia probablemente a través de uno o dos de dichos canales. Aguas abajo, la pluma sufre una dispersión según la dirección Norte-Sur a lo largo de su desplazamiento hacia la costa. Utilizando como guía los resultados geofísicos, se instaló una segunda batería de pozos para confirmar la presencia de concentraciones elevadas de lixiviados. El análisis del agua intersticial corrobora la presencia de una pluma de contaminación.
    Notizen: Abstract The Burwood landfill, which serves the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, is situated on coastal sands underlain by a sequence of aquifers and aquitards. Groundwater flow is toward the coast, located approximately 700 m from the landfill boundary. Shortly after completion of the first phase of the landfill, an array of wells was installed to detect any contaminant from the landfill. Leachate was detected in the wells closest to the landfill. A shallow electromagnetic (EM31) survey was carried out between the landfill and the coast, in order to delineate any leachate plume that may be present. On the basis of the geophysical results, a contaminant plume and buried channels connected to the coast were identified. Leachate flow initially occurs in what is probably a channel or pair of channels. Downgradient, the plume spreads out to the north and south as it moves eastward toward the coast. Using the geophysical results as a guide, a new set of wells was installed to confirm the presence of high leachate concentrations. Pore-water sampling confirms the presence of a leachate plume.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 17 (1996), S. 393-454 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The relatively new subdiscipline of environmental geophysics has grown enormously in the last five years. The size and diversity of the field, and the associated literature, is such that it is extremely difficult to keep up with even a small portion of the field. Electrical and electromagnetic (E & EM) methods, including ground penetrating radar and time-domain reflectometry, play a central role in environmental geophysics. One reason for the utility of E & EM methods in groundwater studies is the similarity in the way that current flow and fluid flow depend on the connectivity and geometry of the pores in soils and rocks. Another reason is the influence of the pore water quality on the geophysical response. More than any other geophysical technique, E & EM methods are directly affected by the presence of conductive pore fluids in the subsurface, such as leachates from landfill sites and sea water invading a coastal groundwater supply that has been placed under stress because of population expansion. The chloride ion is one of the most electrically active of the naturally-occurring ions, and allows us to detect sea water incursion; leachates from landfill sites contain the by-products of organic decay, such as acetic acid, which are generally less conductive than chloride, but nonetheless enhance the pore water and formation electrical conductivities. Landfill leachate plumes are thus easily mapped. The shallow subsurface electrical and dielectric properties exhibit hysteresis due to seasonal changes in water content; the physical properties will be different for the same degree of saturation, depending on whether the water level is rising or falling. Topographic effects are also important; an empirical correction method works well to remove a background trend in the conductivity due to changes in elevation. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of the electric properties may be related to similar effects in the hydraulic properties. New technology and the adaptation of existing technology has lead to the development of fresh instruments, such as electrode arrays towed across the ground, resistivity logging while drilling, fast-rise time TEM, NMR combined with TEM, electric quadripole, et cetera. The applications of E & EM methods cover a wide range of geographic areas and groundwater problems, but have had particularly wide use for groundwater exploration in arid and semi-arid regions, for mapping and monitoring salt-water incursion in susceptible aquifers, and for mapping and monitoring contaminants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2007-02-09
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Digitale ISSN: 2156-2202
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2000-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1431-2174
    Digitale ISSN: 1435-0157
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Springer
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-01
    Beschreibung: Voids are features that occur commonly in near-surface geophysical imaging. They are usually readily identified in ground penetrating radar (GPR) imaging because of the strong reflection amplitudes, akin to the “bright spot” in oil and gas exploration. However, voids are often misidentified. Some voids are missed, and other anomalous features are misinterpreted as voids, when in fact they are not. We evaluate s ome examples of features will be presented from glacial imaging and engineering geophysics that were misinterpreted as voids, compare them with real voids, and we determine the differences that separate them. Another example from archaeology was identified as a void based on incomplete data, and was only coincidentally coincident with a void. In particular, in addition to strong top and bottom reflections, voids may have multiple reflections but will not have internal reflections. Voids will also tend to be limited in extent, and won’t, in general, underlie an entire GPR profile.
    Print ISSN: 2324-8858
    Digitale ISSN: 2324-8866
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-01
    Beschreibung: Too often, ideas become so well-established that they take on the roles of paradigms, and challenging those paradigms can be difficult, even if they are flawed. Similarly, misconceptions can take root and become firmly entrenched and again are difficult to dislodge. Both of these situations are fundamentally unscientific. Science makes progress when established theories are shown to be incorrect or at least incomplete. To do that, we have to let the data that we collect tell their stories. We should not impose models upon the data, but rather allow the data to yield those models that best represent those features that are absolutely necessary to fit the data, an approach often called “Occam’s inversion.” We also should not impose nonphysical and unscientific limits on our interpretation models. We evaluate several examples from our own experiences: the electrical properties of faults, nonuniqueness in potential fields, the influence of nonaqueous phase liquids and water on ground-penetrating radar and electrical resistivity, and the geophysical response of seafloor mineralization. In each case, a reviewer or another scientist questioned the conclusions using unscientific or incorrect arguments or assumptions. We must let the data speak.
    Print ISSN: 2324-8858
    Digitale ISSN: 2324-8866
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-20
    Print ISSN: 0016-8033
    Digitale ISSN: 1942-2156
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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