ALBERT

Beschreibung: The current study has determined the toxicity effects of copper nanoparticles on the some vital organs such as gill, liver and kidney of Caspian Roach; Rutillus caspicus. For this purpose, 120 fishes were used as experimental fishes and exposed to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/L of Cu nanoparticles for 21 days, and 30 fishes as control. The mean water temperature of the aquaria was 22±2 ºC, dissolved oxygen 5.2 mg/L, pH at 7±0.004 and the concentration of calcium carbonate was 270 ppm. On the 7, 14 and 21 days after exposing the fishes to Cu nanoparticles, three fish were randomly selected from each aquaria, sacrificed and samples from their gill, liver and kidney were taken and fixed in cold 10 % buffered formalin. Then microscopic sections were prepared and examined by light microscope which showed histological alternations in the gill, liver and kidney tissues. Then blood samples collected for enzymatic and DNA damage evaluation. Histological al-ternation in gills included: hyperplasia, fusion and detachment of secondary lamellae, blood congestion in vascular axis of primary filaments, reduced secondary lamellae length and cellular degeneration. Histolog-ical changes in liver included blood congestion in the central veins, cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepato-cytes, cellular degeneration, congestion in the blood sinusoids and necrosis of the hepatocytes. Histological changes in kidneys included glomerular shrinkage, severe degeneration in the tubules cells, interstitial tissue and glomerulus, increase in interstitial tissue cells and macrophages aggregation.The most severe alternation of the gill, liver and kidney were in third weeks at 0.5 mg/l concentration. There were positive correlation between concentration and hyperplasia (r=.815, p〈.01), fusion (r=.620, p〈.05), detachment (r=.849, p〈.01), blood congestion (r=.706, p〈.05), degeneration (r=.742, p〈.01). There were positive correlation between time and telangiectasia (r=.611, p〈.05). There were positive correlation between concentration and hepato-cytes hypertrophy (r=.652, p〈 .01), necrosis (r=.768, p〈.05). The activity of antioxidant stress enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were measured in the specimens. The maximum level of enzymes activities were in first week at 0.1 mg/l concentration. There were significant difference between treatments and control (p〈0.05). We used comet assay for evaluation of DNA damage. The activity of anti-oxidant stress enzymes were higher in low concentration. DNA damage was significant in all treatments. The most severe DNA damage have seen in third week at 0.5 mg/l concentration. Evaluation of these changes could be useful in estimating the harmful effects of Copper nanoparticles. The degree of damages was more intensive at higher CuNP concentrations. The result of the study showed that CuNPs could cause severe damages on the Caspian roach; Rutillus caspicus and have lethal effects for fish.

Beschreibung: PhD

Beschreibung: The long nose trevally, Carangoides chrysophrys is one of important commercial species of family carangidae in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea .population dynamic parameters, reproductive biology and feeding habits of this species were studied from April 2016 to march 2017 in the Coastal Waters of Hormuzgan province. Length frequency analysis of 440 specimens of C.chrysophrys with total length (TL) ranged from 250 to 800 mm were shown isometric growth. Growth parameters including K, L and t0 were calculated 0.390 (1/year), 66.86 Cm and 0.029 Year respectively. The instantaneous rate of total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) were estimated 1.21, 0.761 and 0.449 (1/year) respectively. Exploitation rate was 0.4 per year indicated that fishing effort on this species is in a moderate condition. Reproductive studies showed that C.chrysophrys has long spawning period with two peaks in spring and autumn respectively. Females reached 50% sexual maturity at 38.4 cm. Stomach content analysis of this species revealed that bony fishes (% 77) formed main food and followed by crustacean (% 18) and molluscs (% 5) as random food.

Beschreibung: PhD

Beschreibung: This study conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of a widely used oxadiazon herbicide,on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling (15 g). The 96-h LC50 was determined, and the growth performance, serum biochemical and hematological parameters, DNA damage of erythrocytes cells, as well as histopathological changes were also determined in fish exposed to sublethal concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) of the herbicide for 30 days. The 96-h LC50 to C. carpio was found to be 3.9 ppm. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and condition factor (CF) were decreased, while food conversion ratio (FCR) increased in the exposed fish groups (P〈0.05). Exposure to oxadiazon significantly increased serum ALT(Alanine transaminase), AST(Aspartate transaminase), ALP(Alkaline phosphatase), and glucose levels, while total protein, cholesterol, and albumin were significantly decreased in the exposed fish groups depend on oxadiazon concentrations and exposure time (P〈 0.05). Erythrocytes cells of fish exposed to 1, 1.5 and 2 ppm of oxadiazon showed DNA damage (21.3%, 22.9%, and 28.4%, respectively) , significantly higher than control group (P〈 0.05). Moreover, exposure to oxadiazon significantly decreased WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct as well as serum albumin, glucose, and total protein levels, while serum ALP was significantly increased in the exposed fish groups (𝑃�〈 0.05). No significant differences were found in MCV, MCHC and MCH levels between oxadiazon treatments and control groups (P〉 0.05). Oxadiazon was also induced marked histological changes included hyperemia, hyperplasia of lamellar epi-thelium, inflammatory cell infiltration, aneurysm, rod-like structures of secondary gill lamellae in the gills; fat changes in the hepatocytes, fibrosis, focal inflammatory cells and fibrocyte aggregation, diffuse and focal necrosis, hyperemia and hemorrhage and bile duct hyperplasia in the liver; hyperemia, necrosis of tubular epithelium and proteinuria in the kidney; myofibril change, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the muscles. Changes in size and number of melanomacrophage centers were also observed in the kidney, spleen, and liver tissues of exposed fish. This study indicated that oxadiazon is highly toxic to common carp and exposure to this herbicide lead to adverse effects on the fish.

Beschreibung: PhD

Beschreibung: his study has been conducted to extract collagen from the skin of Rutilus kutum from of the Caspian Sea and Scomberomorus guttatus which is one of the tuna species of the Persian Gulf. Acid-soluble collagens (ASC) from the skin of Scomberomorus guttatus and Rutilus kutum were extracted and characterized by Pico.Tag, SDS-PAGE, FTIR and UV spectrophotometry. Then The collagenchitosan gel extracted from aquatic (shrimp, Rutilus kutum and Scomberomorus guttatus fish) was used to evaluation II grade burn wound treatment. Burn treatment was performed in two steps: 1. First step; Determine the most effective collagen-chitosan gel ratio (collagen / chitosan ratio) with three different ratios (1: 3, 1: 1, 3: 1 Rutilus kutum fish collagen-chitosan( RKC0.75, RKC0.5 and RKC0.25) and Scomberomorus guttatus fish (SGC0.75, SGC0.5 and SGC0.25). The second step was to compare the purpose group (collagen-chitosan gel) with the control and control groups in this The rats were divided into 5 groups. The first group (N = 8): 1% collagen gel, the second group : 1% collagen-chitosan gel, the third group: 1% chitosan gel, 4th group : silver sulfadiazine, Group 5: withoud drug. Burn wound healing was evaluated by two methods of measuring wound area and histopathology. Based on the data from the SDS-PAGE and the composition of amino acid, both collagens were classified as type of collagen I. Collagens consisted of two different types of α chains, including α1 and α2, and β component. Also, FTIR analysis revealed the presence of helical arrangements of collagens. Moreover, UV spectrophotometry exhibited that this collagen had an absorbance at 220 nm. According to the basis of dry weight, the extract of collagen in Rutilus kutum and Scomberomorus guttatus ASC were calculated 15.6 % and 14.5 %. Amino acid analysis revealed a much higher glaycin content in the both collagens extracted which accounted to one third of the total amino acids. Besides, proline as an unique amino acid in Rutilus kutum and Scomberomorus guttatus ASC had the specific amount of 89.6 and 86.8 residues per 706.1 residues respectively. The results of the study to determine the most effective ratio of collagen-chitosan in Rutilus kutum based on wound area measurement showed that the group treated with collagen-chitosan gel with a ratio of 1: 1 (RKC0.5) had the greatest effect on burn wound healing and the group Treatment with RKC0.25 had less effect on burn wound healing than the other two groups. The results of the investigation of determining the most effective collagenchitosan ratio in Scomberomorus guttatus fish based on wound area measurement showed that the treated group with collagen-chitosan gel with a ratio of 1: 3 (SGC0.75) on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 And 25 burns had the least wound area than the other two groups, so it had the greatest effect on burn wound healing and the treatment group with SGC0.25 had less effect on burn wound healing than the other two groups, also the Histopathologic results showed that there was no a significant difference between the groups (SGC0.75 and SGC0.5 and SGC0.25) on 15 and 30 days. (P〉 0.05). The results of the comparison purpose group (collagen-chitosan gel) with the control group and the control group in both groups Rutilus kutum and Scomberomorus guttatus fish showed that on the 10th, 15th, 20th and 25th day of burn, the treated group with collagen- Chitosan had a significant difference with the sulfadiazine treated group and the non-drug group (p 〈0.005). The results also showed that the treated group with collagen-chitosan gel was completely improved on day 25 and the treated group with silver sulfadiazine had the highest wound area among the groups. The results of histopathologic study showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in the 15th and 30th burns (p 〈0.05), and the treated groups with collagen gel, chitosan gel and collagen-chitosan gel had higher scores and better results than The two groups of silver sulfadiazine and the group did not burn at day 15 and 30 without using the drug. collagen-chitosan gel can be used as a good candid for second burn healing skin.

Beschreibung: PhD

Beschreibung: In this research, the effects of oxadiargyl herbicide on physiological, biochemical, and DNA destruction rates of Caspian carp, (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated. For this purpose, 550 specimens of carp were obtained (weighed 15 ± 0.8 g) duration of research was 60 days. Temperature of water was 23-27 C°. The acute toxicity test was performed over a period of 96 hours based on OECD 203 (1992) protocol, and mortality results were recorded at 0, 24, 48, 72 in 96 hours. Chronic toxicity test was performed on the basis of the OECD 204 protocol during a 30-days period. During this period، clinical symptoms and unusual behaviors of fish and important water factors were recorded. Blood sampling was performed after 10, 20, and 30 days of adaption in order to assess the cellular and biochemical parameters of blood. To prepare tissue samples (gills, liver, kidneys, muscles, spleen), after incision, separation and dehydration, clarification and paraffin emulsion were done. Paraffin blocks were prepared and with microtome,sections were prepared 6 micron thickness. Then, these sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H & E). The sections of the tissue prepared with the Japan Nikon Optical Microscope, the Eclipse E600 model were examined and photographed. DNA damage was measured by alkaline comet assay. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 17, one-way analysis of variance and Duncan test at the level of 0.05 (mean ± SD). Based on the results, acute toxicity (LC50) was obtained at 0.6 mg/L concentration and chronic liver toxicity was obtained at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg / L. The Concentration of 0.5 mg/L treatment had the lowest levels of glucose in all of the three periodsections of experiment. Highest amounts of alanine aminotransferase, spartan transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were observed in 0.5 mg/L treatment for all of three experimental sections. The highest total protein and albumin and the lowest cholesterol in the control treatment were obtained. After examination of biochemical parameters of blood, the highest number of red blood cells was obtained in control treatment and the highest number of white blood cells was obtained in 0.5 mg /L treatment. Histological images showed that fish exposed to various concentrations of oxadiargyl herbicide obtained pathologic lesions in most tissues. The lowest levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin were obtained in 0.5 mg / L treatment. In the kidney, hemorrhage in the interstitial tissue, an increase in the number and size of melanomacrophage centers and coverage epithelium cells necrosis were observed in urinary tract tubes. In the liver, the centers of elanomacrophage increased with the myofibrils being separated, and glomeruli and corrugation were observed in most myofibrils. Based on the average DNA degradation results, the highest rate of degradation was observed in the subterminous concentration of 0.3 mg / L (20.5%).

Beschreibung: PhD

Beschreibung: One of the mainly popular consumed colloid protein materials in pharmaceutics, medical, food and military industries is Gelatin. Especially from warm-water fish gelatin report poss similar characteristics to mammalian’s gelatin .Yellow fin tuna (Thunnus albacares) gelatin skin, lots of waste in form of skin and bones of the fish are produced every day. Analysis factors were extracted alkaline gelatin from skin, physiochemical and rheological test (amino acids composition, SDS- page electrophoreses, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared), moisture content, pH, setting point and setting time, melting point and melting time, color and gelatin yield). In contrast cool water fish gelatin, yellowfin tuna had higher gelatin content (Proline and Hydroxyproline) than mammalian gelatin content. SDS-electrophoresis for yellow fin gelatin showed protein bands (α, β, γ) same as mammalian’s protein bands. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) had the same spectra for both of them. Factors were pH (6.1), Moisture (8.5%) Setting temperature and time respectively 4(c) and 60 (s) and Melting temperature and time respectively were 50 (c) and 45 (s). The color was transparent. In light of these results yellow fin tuna prospect as an alternative to mammalian’s gelatin.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: One of the unique and important aquatic species of Anzali wetland, Anadonta cygnea, native Anzali wetland and its rivers, and the most important two-body system of this blue system, has declined sharply in recent years due to various reasons. Is this species is considered to be smuggling and has a special sensitivity to environmental changes (biological pollution assessment).Anzali Wetland is a special ecosystem for the cultivation and development of various types of aquatic animals on the southern of the Caspian Sea. On the other hand, the special position of the mollusks in relation to the use of other creatures from them and the industrial industrial applications and the role of water purification necessitates the study of the Anadonta cygnea diet in the Anzali Wetland. Of the 14 stations surveyed, only 9 stations, including the stations entrance of the West Bank , Bahambar , Shijan , Soussar Rogah , Abkenar , Mahruzha , Karkan , Siakishim, and finally Hindakhale, were caught in the Anodont shell. In the above study, the average length and weight of Anadonta cygnea, regardless of their specific situation, were 8.25 ± 1.17 cm and 58.03 ± 27.53 gr, respectively. The most frequencies and distribution in different seasons belong to the entrance stations of West Wetland, Behmbar, Shijan and Sossar Roogah and the highest average age in the spring seasons belonging to the station of Behambar (7 years old), summer related to Mahrooz station (8 years old) Autumn belonged to the Sossar Roogah (7 year old) sonar station and finally to the Shijan Station (8 years old) winter. In general, it can be said that Anadonta cygnea feed from phytoplankton branches of Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta more than other branches throughout the year. In an experimental study of the Anzali Wetland anodentic sheath, it can be stated from the different stations that most of the phytoplankton species used from the green algae of Scenedesmus, Chlorella and Pandorina were from the branches of the Diatoma Cyclotella, Cembella and Navicula algae. Nutrition from zooplankton was detected in a small amount, from the Ciliophora of Arcella and Amiibia, from Cilliata, and finally from rotifers Brachionus, Asplachna and Rotaria. Suitable substrate type is sandy with some flowers, with the range of silt-clay changes in stations ranging from 80.8 ± 3.8 to 97.64 ± 2.2 percent. In the study of Anadonta cygnea diet, it was determined that the above Anadonta cygnea are fed by filtration (non-selective selection). Therefore, with regard to different ages and abundance in the living environment, in the first place (more than 90%), branches Microscopic phytoplankton from 5 to 20 micron (branches such as Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta), and in the next step (about 10 percent), microscopic zooplankton from 5 to 30 microns (orders such as Ciliopoda, Rhizopoda, Rotatoria and Cladocera, as well as detritus in these dimensions).

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: In this study, the effect of diets containing different levels of Pontogammarus maeoticus extract as natural nutrient attractant was investigated on growth indices, chemical composition and mucosal Immunity of Rutilus kutum. For this purpose, fish with an average weight of 0.35±0.067 were stored in 100L fiberglass tanks containing 30 liters water with a density of 20 fish per tank for eight weeks. To perform this study, Gammaridae extracts were mixed with distilled water in three concentrations: 1:25 (25%), 1:50 (50%), 1:75 (75%) and two percent of each dilution was added to manual meals before each feeding. This experiment was performed as four triplicated treatments. Larvae were fed four times a day. At the end of the culture, growth indices such as: mean body weight gain, specific growth factor, food conversion ratio, survival, chemical analysis of carcasses and some mucosal immune parameters including; lysozyme, immunoglobulin, alkaline phosphatase and protease were studied. The results showed that although growth factor and carcass analysis were improved in all treatments (25%), this increase was not significant compared to the control (p〉0.05). All Mucus immune factors significantly increased in all treatments compare to control (p〈0.05). The result of this study showed that the Gammaridae extract had no significant effect on the improvement of growth performance, but increased the immunity of Rutilus frisii in culture conditions.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: The sohal surgeonfish or sohal tang, Acanthurus sohal, is a Red Sea endemic which grows to 16 in (40 cm) in the wild. Its striking blue and white horizontal stripes have made it what many consider the 'poster fish' for the Red Sea reef environment. It is a valued aquarium fish. A common species found in seaward edges of reefs exposed to surge. Aggressive and territorial. Feeds on various kinds of algae, mainly Sargassum, and fine filamentous green algae. Caught with nets; traps and occasionally by trawls.