ALBERT

Beschreibung: In permafrost soils, the temperature regime and the resulting cryogenic processes are decisive for the storage of organic carbon (OC) and its small-scale spatial variability. For cryoturbated soils there is a lack in the assessment of pedon-scale heterogeneity in OC stocks and the transformation of functionally different organic matter (OM) fractions such as particulate and mineral-associated OM. Therefore, pedons of 28 Turbels across the Siberian Arctic were sampled in five meter wide soil trenches in order to calculate OC and total nitrogen (TN) stocks within the active layer and the upper permafrost based on digital profile mapping. Density fractionation of soil samples was performed to distinguish particulate OM (light fraction, LF, 1.6 g cm−3), and a mobilizable dissolved pool (mobilizable fraction, MoF). Mineral-organic associations were characterized by selective extraction of pedogenic Fe and Al oxides and the clay composition was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Organic matter transformation in bulk soil and density fractions was assessed by the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) and element contents (C and N). Across all investigated soil profiles, total OC stocks were calculated to 20.2 ± 8.0 kg m−2 (mean ± SD) to 100 cm soil depth. Of this average, 54% of the OC was located in active layer horizons (annual summer thawing layer) showing evidence of cryoturbation, and another 35% was present in the permafrost. The HF-OC dominated the overall OC stocks (55%) followed by LF-OC (19% in mineral and 13% in organic horizons). During fractionation about 13% of the OC was released as MoF, which likely represents the most bioavailable OM pool. Cryogenic activity combined with an impaired biodegradation in topsoil horizons (O and A horizons) were the principle mechanisms to sequester large OC stocks in the subsoil (16.4 ± 8.1 kg m−2; all mineral B, C, and permafrost horizons). About 22% of the subsoil OC stock can be attributed to LF material subducted by cryoturbation, whereas migration of soluble OM along freezing gradients appeared as principle source for the dominating HF (63%) in the subsoil. The large proportion of MoF (15%) in the subsoil suggests a pool of weaker mineral-organic associations as result of the low acidity and presence of basic cations, reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides, and the frequent freezing-thawing cycles. Despite the unfavourable abiotic conditions, substantial microbial OM transformation in the subsoil was indicated by low C/N ratios and high δ13C values but this was not reflected in altered LF and HF pool sizes. Partial least square regression analyses suggest that OC accumulates in the HF fraction due to coprecipitation with multivalent cations (Al, Fe) and association with poorly crystalline Fe oxides and clay minerals. Our data show that across all permafrost pedons, mineral-associated OM represents the most important OM fraction but the reactivity of this pool under changing future environmental conditions warrants further attention.

Beschreibung: In permafrost soils, the temperature regime and the resulting cryogenic processes are important determinants of the storage of organic carbon (OC) and its small-scale spatial variability. For cryoturbated soils, there is a lack of research assessing pedon-scale heterogeneity in OC stocks and the transformation of functionally different organic matter (OM) fractions, such as particulate and mineral-associated OM. Therefore, pedons of 28 Turbels were sampled in 5 m wide soil trenches across the Siberian Arctic to calculate OC and total nitrogen (TN) stocks based on digital profile mapping. Density fractionation of soil samples was performed to distinguish between particulate OM (light fraction, LF, 〈 1.6 g cm−3), mineral associated OM (heavy fraction, HF, 〉 1.6 g cm−3), and a mobilizable dissolved pool (mobilizable fraction, MoF). Across all investigated soil profiles, the total OC storage was 20.2 ± 8.0 kg m−2 (mean ± SD) to 100 cm soil depth. Fifty-four percent of this OC was located in the horizons of the active layer (annual summer thawing layer), showing evidence of cryoturbation, and another 35 % was present in the upper permafrost. The HF-OC dominated the overall OC stocks (55 %), followed by LF-OC (19 % in mineral and 13 % in organic horizons). During fractionation, approximately 13 % of the OC was released as MoF, which likely represents a readily bioavailable OM pool. Cryogenic activity in combination with cold and wet conditions was the principle mechanism through which large OC stocks were sequestered in the subsoil (16.4 ± 8.1 kg m−2; all mineral B, C, and permafrost horizons). Approximately 22 % of the subsoil OC stock can be attributed to LF material subducted by cryoturbation, whereas migration of soluble OM along freezing gradients appeared to be the principle source of the dominant HF (63 %) in the subsoil. Despite the unfavourable abiotic conditions, low C / N ratios and high δ13C values indicated substantial microbial OM transformation in the subsoil, but this was not reflected in altered LF and HF pool sizes. Partial least-squares regression analyses suggest that OC accumulates in the HF fraction due to co-precipitation with multivalent cations (Al, Fe) and association with poorly crystalline iron oxides and clay minerals. Our data show that, across all permafrost pedons, the mineral-associated OM represents the dominant OM fraction, suggesting that the HF-OC is the OM pool in permafrost soils on which changing soil conditions will have the largest impact.

Beschreibung: The importance of crustal fluid chemical composition in driving the marine deep subseafloor biosphere was examined in northeast Pacific ridge-flank sediments. At IODP Site U1301, sulfate from crustal fluids diffuses into overlying sediments, forming a transition zone where sulfate meets in situ-produced methane. Enhanced cell counts and metabolic activity suggest that sulfate stimulates microbial respiration, specifically anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to sulfate reduction. Cell counts and activity are also elevated in basement-near layers. Owing to the worldwide expansion of the crustal aquifer, we postulate that crustal fluids may fuel the marine deep subseafloor biosphere on a global scale.