ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides an overview of (1) the physical and chemical foundations of dating methods and (2) the applications of dating methods in the geological sciences, biology, and archaeology, in almost 200 articles from over 200 international authors. It will serve as the most comprehensive treatise on widely accepted dating methods in the earth sciences and related fields. No other volume has a similar scope, in terms of methods and applications and particularly time range. Dating methods are used to determine the timing and rate of various processes, such as sedimentation (terrestrial and marine), tectonics, volcanism, geomorphological change, cooling rates, crystallization, fluid flow, glaciation, climate change and evolution. The volume includes applications in terrestrial and extraterrestrial settings, the burgeoning field of molecular-clock dating and topics in the intersection of earth sciences with forensics. The content covers a broad range of techniques and applications. All major accepted dating techniques are included, as well as all major datable materials.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction --- Fifty years of the Wilson Cycle concept in plate tectonics: an overview / R. W. Wilson, G. A. Houseman, S. J. H. Buiter, K. J. W. McCaffrey and A. G. Doré / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 1-17, 25 July 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470-2019-58 --- The Classic Wilson v. Supercontinent Cycles --- The classic Wilson cycle revisited / Ian W. D. Dalziel and John F. Dewey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 19-38, 9 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.1 --- Supercontinents: myths, mysteries, and milestones / Daniel Pastor-Galán, R. Damian Nance, J. Brendan Murphy and Christopher J. Spencer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 39-64, 8 May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.16 --- Supercontinents and the case for Pannotia / R. Damian Nance and J. Brendan Murphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 65-86, 1 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.5 --- Mantle Dynamics in the Wilson Cycle --- Mantle plumes and mantle dynamics in the Wilson cycle / Philip J. Heron / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 87-103, 19 November 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470-2018-97 --- Tectonic Inheritance in the Lithosphere --- Tectonic inheritance, structure reactivation and lithospheric strength: the relevance of geological history / A. M. C. Şengör, Nalan Lom and Nurbike G. Sağdıç / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 105-136, 15 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.8 --- Exploring the theory of plate tectonics: the role of mantle lithosphere structure / Philip J. Heron, Russell N. Pysklywec and Randell Stephenson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 137-155, 1 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.7 --- Potential role of lithospheric mantle composition in the Wilson cycle: a North Atlantic perspective / Pauline Chenin, Suzanne Picazo, Suzon Jammes, Gianreto Manatschal, Othmar Müntener and Garry Karner / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 157-172, 6 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.10 --- Rheological inheritance: lessons from the Death Valley region, US Basin and Range Province / Rodrigo D. Lima, Nicholas W. Hayman and Elena Miranda / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 173-204, 21 May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.14 --- Multi-phase reactivations and inversions of Paleozoic–Mesozoic extensional basins during the Wilson cycle: case studies from the North Sea (UK) and the Northern Apennines (Italy) / Vittorio Scisciani, Stefano Patruno, Enrico Tavarnelli, Fernando Calamita, Paolo Pace and David Iacopini / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 205-243, 3 May 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470-2017-232 --- Revisiting Tuzo's question on the Atlantic --- Examining the influence of tectonic inheritance on the evolution of the North Atlantic using a palinspastic deformable plate reconstruction / Bridget E. Ady and Richard C. Whittaker / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 245-264, 19 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.9 --- Role of Avalonia in the development of tectonic paradigms / J. Brendan Murphy, R. Damian Nance, J. Duncan Keppie and Jaroslav Dostal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 265-287, 23 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.12 --- Diachronous Paleozoic accretion of peri-Gondwanan terranes at the Laurentian margin / John W. F. Waldron, David I. Schofield and J. Brendan Murphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 289-310, 29 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.11 --- Inversion of Taconian extensional structures during Paleozoic orogenesis in western Newfoundland / Shawna E. White and John W. F. Waldron / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 311-336, 6 June 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.17 --- Tectonic inheritance at multiple scales during more than two complete Wilson cycles recorded in eastern North America / William A. Thomas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 337-352, 9 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.4 --- Late Paleozoic extensional reactivation of the Rheic–Rhenohercynian suture zone in SW England, the English Channel and Western Approaches / Andrew C. Alexander, Robin K. Shail and Brian E. Leveridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 353-373, 4 January 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.19 --- Opening and Closing of Oceans --- Non-Wilsonian break-up predisposed by transforms: examples from the North Atlantic and Arctic / E. R. Lundin and A. G. Doré / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 375-392, 21 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.6 --- The Jan Mayen microplate complex and the Wilson cycle / Christian Schiffer, Alexander Peace, Jordan Phethean, Laurent Gernigon, Ken McCaffrey, Kenni D. Petersen and Gillian Foulger / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 393-414, 1 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.2 --- The subduction initiation stage of the Wilson cycle / Robert Hall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 415-437, 19 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.3 --- 3D numerical modelling of the Wilson cycle: structural inheritance of alternating subduction polarity / Stéphane J. Beaussier, Taras V. Gerya and Jean-Pierre Burg / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 439-461, 2 May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.15 --- Cratonic Basins and their place in the Wilson Cycle --- Cratonic basins and the Wilson cycle: a perspective from the Parnaíba Basin, Brazil / M. C. Daly, B. Tozer and A. B. Watts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 463-477, 3 May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.13

Description / Table of Contents: Increasingly, researchers have reported that passive margins do not show a simple uninterrupted thermal sag pattern of post-rift subsidence following continental separation. Rather, the structural and stratigraphic development of such margins may record evidence of complex phases of differential subsidence, exhumation and fold development. Some of the fold structures observed on passive continental margins appear to be related to regional stresses transmitted through basement rocks, whereas others are related to gravitational sliding and toe-thrusting. This special publication concentrates on the first of these categories. The morphology and distribution of such folds, together with potential mechanisms for generation of regional stress, are described in a series of papers by authorities in the field. As well as being an enigmatic feature of passive margin geology, the compressive folds have significance in the exploration for petroleum.

Description / Table of Contents: Microbial carbonates (microbialites) are remarkable sedimentary deposits. They have the longest geological range of any type of biogenic limestones, form in the greatest range of different sedimentary environments, oxygenated the Earth's atmosphere and produce and, furthermore, store large volumes of hydrocarbons. This Special Publication provides significant contributions at a pivotal time in our understanding of microbial carbonates when their economic importance has become established and the results of many research programmes are coming to fruition. It is the first book to focus on the economic aspects of microbialites and in particular the giant pre-salt discoveries offshore Brazil. The volume contains papers on the processes involved in the formation of both ancient and modern microbialites and the diversity of style in microbial carbonate build-ups. Structures and fabrics from both marine and non-marine settings are discussed from throughout the geological record.

Description / Table of Contents: Section 1: Research Highlights and Framework --- 1. Ecosystem Services, Well-Being and Deltas: Current Knowledge and Understanding; W. Neil Adger et al. --- 2. Ecosystem Services Linked to Livelihoods and Well-Being in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta; Helen Adams, W. Neil Adger and Robert J. Nicholls --- 3. An Integrated Approach Providing Scientific and Policy Relevant Insights for South-West Bangladesh; Robert J Nicholls et al. --- 4. Integrative Analysis for the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta, Bangladesh; Robert J Nicholls et al. --- Section 2: Present Status of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta --- 5. Recent Trends in Ecosystem Services in Coastal Bangladesh; John A Dearing and Sarwar Hossain --- 6. Governance of Ecosystem Services Across Scales in Bangladesh ; Andrew Allan and Michelle Lim --- 7. Health, Livelihood and Well-Being in the Coastal Delta of Bangladesh; Mofizur Rahman and Sate Ahmad --- 8. Floods and the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta; Anisul Haque and Robert J Nicholls --- Section 3: Scenarios for Policy Analysis --- 9. Integrating Science and Policy Using Stakeholder-Engaged Scenarios; Emily J Barbour et al. --- 10. Incorporating Stakeholder Perspectives in Scenario Development; Andrew Allan, Michelle Lim and Emily J Barbour --- 11. Regional Climate Change over South Asia; John Caesar and Tamara Janes --- 12. Future Scenarios of Economic Development; Alistair Hunt --- Section 4: Observations and Potential Trends --- 13. Biophysical Modelling of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Catchment; Paul G Whitehead --- 14. Marine Dynamics and Productivity in the Bay of Bengal; Susan Kay, John Caesar and Tamara Janes --- 15. A Sustainable Future Supply of Fluvial Sediment for the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta; Stephen E Darby et al. --- 16. Present and Future Fluvial, Tidal and Storm Surge Flooding in Coastal Bangladesh; Anisul Haque, Susan Kay and Robert J Nicholls --- 17. Modelling Tidal River Salinity in Coastal Bangladesh; Lucy Bricheno and Judtih Wold --- 18. Mechanisms and Drivers of Soil Salinity in Coastal Bangladesh; Mashfiqus Salehin et al. --- 19. Population Dynamics in the South-West of Bangladesh; Sylvia Szabo, Sate Ahmad and W Neil Adger --- 20. Land Cover and Land Use Analysis in Coastal Bangladesh;Anirban Mukhopadhyay et al. --- 21. Social, Economic and Environmental Dimensions and Drivers of Poverty in South-West Coastal Bangladesh; Fiifi Amoako Johnson and Craig W Hutton --- 22. Defining Social-Ecological Systems in South-West Bangladesh; Helen Adams et al. --- 23. Characterising Associations Between Poverty and Ecosystem Services; Helen Adams et al. --- Section 5: Present and Future Ecosystem Services --- 24. Prospects for Agriculture under Climate Change and Soil Salinisation; Derek Clarke et al. --- 25. Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries: Trends and Prospect; Manuel Barange et al. --- 26. Dynamics of the Sundarbans Mangroves in Bangladesh Under Climate Change; Anirban Mukhopadhyay et al. --- 27. Hypertension and Malnutrition as Health Outcomes Related to Ecosystem Services; Ali Ahmed et al. Section 6: Integration and Dissemination --- 28. Integrative Analysis Spplying the Delta Dynamic Integrated Emulator Model in South-West Coastal Bangladesh; Attila N. Lázár et al. --- 29. Communicating Integrated Analysis Research Findings; Mashrekur Rahman and Munsur Rahman

Description / Table of Contents: Section 1: Research Highlights and Framework --- 1. Ecosystem Services, Well-Being and Deltas: Current Knowledge and Understanding; W. Neil Adger et al. --- 2. Ecosystem Services Linked to Livelihoods and Well-Being in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta; Helen Adams, W. Neil Adger and Robert J. Nicholls --- 3. An Integrated Approach Providing Scientific and Policy Relevant Insights for South-West Bangladesh; Robert J Nicholls et al. --- 4. Integrative Analysis for the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta, Bangladesh; Robert J Nicholls et al. --- Section 2: Present Status of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta --- 5. Recent Trends in Ecosystem Services in Coastal Bangladesh; John A Dearing and Sarwar Hossain --- 6. Governance of Ecosystem Services Across Scales in Bangladesh ; Andrew Allan and Michelle Lim --- 7. Health, Livelihood and Well-Being in the Coastal Delta of Bangladesh; Mofizur Rahman and Sate Ahmad --- 8. Floods and the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta; Anisul Haque and Robert J Nicholls --- Section 3: Scenarios for Policy Analysis --- 9. Integrating Science and Policy Using Stakeholder-Engaged Scenarios; Emily J Barbour et al. --- 10. Incorporating Stakeholder Perspectives in Scenario Development; Andrew Allan, Michelle Lim and Emily J Barbour --- 11. Regional Climate Change over South Asia; John Caesar and Tamara Janes --- 12. Future Scenarios of Economic Development; Alistair Hunt --- Section 4: Observations and Potential Trends --- 13. Biophysical Modelling of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Catchment; Paul G Whitehead --- 14. Marine Dynamics and Productivity in the Bay of Bengal; Susan Kay, John Caesar and Tamara Janes --- 15. A Sustainable Future Supply of Fluvial Sediment for the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta; Stephen E Darby et al. --- 16. Present and Future Fluvial, Tidal and Storm Surge Flooding in Coastal Bangladesh; Anisul Haque, Susan Kay and Robert J Nicholls --- 17. Modelling Tidal River Salinity in Coastal Bangladesh; Lucy Bricheno and Judtih Wold --- 18. Mechanisms and Drivers of Soil Salinity in Coastal Bangladesh; Mashfiqus Salehin et al. --- 19. Population Dynamics in the South-West of Bangladesh; Sylvia Szabo, Sate Ahmad and W Neil Adger --- 20. Land Cover and Land Use Analysis in Coastal Bangladesh;Anirban Mukhopadhyay et al. --- 21. Social, Economic and Environmental Dimensions and Drivers of Poverty in South-West Coastal Bangladesh; Fiifi Amoako Johnson and Craig W Hutton --- 22. Defining Social-Ecological Systems in South-West Bangladesh; Helen Adams et al. --- 23. Characterising Associations Between Poverty and Ecosystem Services; Helen Adams et al. --- Section 5: Present and Future Ecosystem Services --- 24. Prospects for Agriculture under Climate Change and Soil Salinisation; Derek Clarke et al. --- 25. Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries: Trends and Prospect; Manuel Barange et al. --- 26. Dynamics of the Sundarbans Mangroves in Bangladesh Under Climate Change; Anirban Mukhopadhyay et al. --- 27. Hypertension and Malnutrition as Health Outcomes Related to Ecosystem Services; Ali Ahmed et al. Section 6: Integration and Dissemination --- 28. Integrative Analysis Spplying the Delta Dynamic Integrated Emulator Model in South-West Coastal Bangladesh; Attila N. Lázár et al. --- 29. Communicating Integrated Analysis Research Findings; Mashrekur Rahman and Munsur Rahman

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE This book represents the first attempt in three decades to marshall out available information on the regional geology of Africa for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students. Geologic education in African universities is severely hampered by the lack of a textbook on African regional geology. This situation is greatly exacerbated by the inability of most African universities to purchase reference books and maintain journal subscriptions. Besides, geologic information about Africa is so widely dispersed that a balanced and comprehensive course content on Africa is beyond the routine preparation of lecture notes by university teachers. Since geology is a universal subject and Africa is one of the largest landmasses on Earth with one of the longest continuous records of Earth history, there is no doubt that geologic education in other parts of the world will benefit from a comprehensive presentation of African geologic case histories. The scope of this text also addresses the need of the professional geologist, who may require some general or background information about an unfamiliar African geologic region or age interval. Africa occupies a central position in the world's mineral raw materials trade. Because of its enormous extent and great geologic age, the diversity and size of Africa's mineral endowment is unparalleled. Africa is the leading source of gold, diamond, uranium, and dominates the world's supply of strategic minerals such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, and platinum. Consequently, African nations from Algeria to Zimbabwe depend solely on mineral exports for economic survival. The geologic factors which govern economic mineral deposits are stressed in this text. The geological history of Africa spans 3.8 billion years, a record that is unique both in duration and continuity. Few other parts of our planet match the plethora of geologic phenomena and processes that are displayed in the African continent. From the various stages of crustal evolution decipherable from the Archean of southern Africa, through the plate tectonics scenarios in the ubiquitous Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic Pan-African mobile belts and in the Hercynian and Alpine orogenies of northwest Africa, to the East African Rift Valley, Africa is replete with excellent examples and problems for a course on regional tectonics. Teachers of igneous and metamorphic petrology can hardly ignore Africa's anorogenic magmatism (e.g.. layered ultramafic intrusives such as the Great Dyke and the Bushveld Complex; the Tete gabbro-anorthosite pluton; alkaline complexes; basaltic volcanism), or tantalizing highgrade metamorphic terranes such as the Limpopo belt, the Namaqua mobile belt, and the Mozambique belt. From the extensive Precambrian supracrustal sequences throughout the continent with enormous thicknesses of sedimentary rocks that have hardly been deformed or metamorphosed, to the stratigraphic evolution of Africa's present-day passive continental margin, there is a complete spectrum of facies models upon which to base a course on basin analysis and stratigraphy. To maintain its integrity a course on historical geology anywhere in the world must address the theory of Continental Drift beyond invoking past continuities between West Africa and South America. Past connections between West Africa and eastern North America must equally be explored, so also connections between northeast Africa and Arabia, and the paleogeography of southern Gondwana where Africa occupied centre stage. The Precambrian fossil record, the transitions from reptiles to the earliest mammals and dinosaurs, and the evolution of Man are among Africa's unique contributions to the history of life and the story of organic evolution. Although it lies today in the tropics Africa was the theatre of the Earth's most-spectacular glaciations. Even after the scene of continental glaciation had shifted to the northern continents only lately during the Pleistocene, Africa still witnessed spectacular climatic fluctuations during the Quaternary. Certainly students of archeology and paleoanthropology cannot overlook the Quaternary paleoenvironmental record of the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, the Lake Turkana basin in Kenya, the Nile valley, the Sahara, and southern Africa. But since African examples have already been cited in standard geologic textbook, I have often been asked why it has become necessary to revive the idea of a full-length textbook on African geology, 30 years after this idea was abandoned by the geologic community. My simple answer, as already stated, is that the wealth of available geologic information about Africa is so enormous and fascinating, but so diffuse, that an attempt must be made to assemble and pass on this knowledge.

Description / Table of Contents: The Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic succession of the Shemshak Group (up to 4000 m in thickness in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran) contains key information about the closure of the Palaeotethys Ocean, the rise and denudation of the Cimmeride Mountains, and the succeeding opening of the South Caspian Basin. Here at Emamzadeh–Hashem Pass (NW of Tehran, Iran), the Shemshak Group is embraced between Upper Palaeozoic–Middle Triassic (foreground) and Upper Jurassic carbonates (background).

Description / Table of Contents: During the Permian, the single supercontinent Pangaea stretched from pole to pole. Early Permian glacial deposits are found in southern Gondwana. Along the sutures of Pangaea, mountain ranges towered over vast tropical lowlands. Interior areas included dry deserts where dune sands accumulated. Gypsum and halite beds document the evaporation of hot, shallow seas that formed the most extensive salt deposits in the geological record. The Permian period (251 to 299 Ma) encompasses nine ages (stages) arranged into three epochs (series). Most of the Permian marine timescale has been defined by global stratotype sections and points for the stage boundaries. This volume presents new data regarding the biostratigraphy and biochronology of the non-marine Permian and provides a basis for temporally ordering Permian geological and biotic history on land, and correlating that history to events in the marine realm.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is the first peer-reviewed collection of papers focusing on the potential of myth storylines to yield data and lessons that are of value to the geological sciences. Building on the nascent discipline of geomythology, scientists and scholars from a variety of disciplines have contributed to this volume. The geological hazards (such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and cosmic impacts) that have given rise to myths are considered, as are the sacred and cultural values associated with rocks, fossils, geological formations and landscapes. There are also discussions about the historical and literary perspectives of geomythology. Regional coverage includes Europe and the Mediterranean, Afghanistan, Cameroon, India, Australia, Japan, Pacific islands, South America and North America. Myth and Geology challenges the widespread notion that myths are fictitious or otherwise lacking in value for the physical sciences.