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  • Articles  (76)
  • Geosciences  (76)
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  • Articles  (76)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 25 (1990), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Emerald deposits of Colombia are confined to lower Cretaceous shales of the Eastern Cordillera. The tectonic pattern of the deposits is related to deep reverse and large regional fault systems. Hydrofracturing is the main factor controlling emerald mineralization. It permitted to the hydrothermal solutions to permeate through fractures but also along stratification planes forming in this case stratabound mineralizations. Emerald occurs in calcite veins, veinlets, pockets and brecciated zones associated mainly with pyrite, quartz, parisite, codazzite and fluorite. Emerald mineralization belongs to an epigenetic hydrothermal process. The alternance of arenite-shale formations in the Cretaceous probably played an important role in the accumulation of solutions and in the propagation of the hydrothermal channels. The origin of emerald involves chemical elements mobilized by the fluids in the Cr-V-Fe-Al-Si-bearing black shales. The source of beryllium remains a problem and is discussed in the paper.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 35 (2000), S. 699-713 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Emerald mineralisation in Colombia is located in two distinct zones along the borders of the Eastern Cordillera, some 80 km apart. Mineralisation in the western zone has been dated at ca. 35 Ma whereas in the eastern zone it is 30 Ma older. Crush leach analysis of the electrolyte chemistry of fluid inclusions contained in emerald, quartz, calcite, dolomite and fluorite from both zones, demonstrates that in each region brines associated with emerald mineralisation range between two extremes with many samples yielding intermediate compositions. Fluid 1, found mainly in emerald-hosted fluid inclusions, is dominated by NaCl with high Cl:Br ratios indicating that the salinity was derived by dissolution of halite, most probably from the local salt beds. Fluid 2, found notably in quartz hosted-fluid inclusions, is of similar salinity but contains less Na and significant concentrations of Ca–K–Fe–Cl and other cations. It has lower Cl:Br ratios, more comparable with formation waters, but is inferred to have obtained part of its salinity by halite dissolution. Bivariate plots of almost all cations have linear or sublinear trends regardless of the mineral hosting the inclusions or the locality from which the samples originated, demonstrating that mixing of the two saline fluids has occurred. Because the same two fluids occur in both eastern and western zones, despite the difference in space and time, it is inferred that fluid compositions were rock controlled by similar interactions with evaporites and black shales in both instances. It is proposed that beryllium was transported as Be–F complexes in the NaCl-fluid, and was precipitated as emerald after mixing with the calcic brine caused precipitation of fluorite and parisite.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Xihuashan tungsten deposit (South Jiangxi, China) is located on the border of a granitic stock composed of four intrusive units: γ inf2a sup5 , γ inf2b sup5 , γ inf2c sup5 and γ inf2e sup5 chronologically. The deposit is situated in γ inf2a sup5 and γ inf2b sup5 whose contact zone is marked by a stockscheider and by a sporadic fine-grained granite designated γ inf2b′ sup5 . The feldspathic episyenitic veins or masses located mainly in γ inf2b sup5 resulted from granite alteration. This alteration characterizes the fluid activity which followed previous mechanical action, remnant liquids draining under structural control. The quartz-bearing Xihuashan veins (Dayu mining district) are a typical wolframite-quartz vein deposit and have developed mainly in γ inf2b sup5 . The density of the veins and the huge mineralizations in γ inf2b sup5 can be explained by the carapace role played by γ inf2a sup5 , γ inf2b′ sup5 and the stockscheider. The deposit is formed by 615 economically valuable veins (medium grade: 1,08% in WO3) characterized by four stages of mineralization; a reverse vertical zoning is generally observed. Thus, the Xihuashan tungsten deposit possesses a metallogenic value contributing to the comprehension of metallogenic and structural phenomena related to the evolution of granitic masses.
    Notes: Résumé Le gisement de tungstène de Xihuashan (Sud-Jiangxi, Chine) est situé sur la bordure d'un stock granitique formé de 4 unités intrusives: chronologiquement, γ infa sup5 , γ inf2b sup5 , γ inf2c sup5 , γ inf2e sup5 . Le gîte est encaissé dans γ inf2a sup5 et γ in2b sup5 don le contact est jalonné par un stockscheider et par la présence sporadique d'un faciès granitique à grain fin: γ inf2b′ sup5 . Les zones d'épisyénites feldspathiques localisées principalement dans γ inf2b sup5 correspondent à des zones d'altérations du granite; elles caractérisent l'activité des fluides en relai d'actions mécaniques préalables: un drainage de liquides résiduels sous contrôle structural. Le gisement filonien de Xihuashan (district minier de Dayu) est du type quartz à wolframite dominante et il est principalement développé dans γ inf2b sup5 . La densité du système filonien et l'importance de la minéralisation dans γ inf2b sup5 s'explique par l'effet de carapace joué par γ inf2a sup5 , γ inf2b′ sup5 et le stockscheider. Le gîte comprend 615 filons à teneur économique (teneur moyenne: 1,08% en WO3) caractérisés par quatre stades de minéralisations; un zoning vertical inverse est généralement observé. Ainsi, le gisement de Xihuashan possède une valeur métallogénique qui permet d'apporter une contribution à la compréhension des phénomènes structuraux et métallogéniques liés à l'évolution des masses granitoïdiques.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen isotopic composition of emerald from 62 occurrences and deposits in the world reveals a wide range in δ18O (SMOW) between +6.2 and +24.7‰. The δ18O-values for each deposit are restricted and can be used to determine the origin of emerald from the world's most important producers. The δ18O-value of emerald appears to be a fingerprint of its origin, especially for gems of exceptional quality from Colombia (eastern emerald zone, δ18O = +16.8 ± 0.1‰; western emerald zone, δ18O = +21.2 ± 0.5‰), Afghanistan (δ18O = +13.5 ± 0.1‰), Pakistan (Swat-Mingora districts, δ18O = +15.7 ± 0.1‰), Brazil (Santa Terezinha de Goiás, δ18O = +12.2 ± 0.1‰; Quadrilatero Ferrifero, δ18O = +6.9 ± 0.4‰) and Zimbabwe (Sandawana, δ18O = +7.5 ± 0.5‰). Furthermore, the 18O-composition of emerald appears to be a good marker of its geological environment because the data suggest that host-rock-buffering of fluid δ18O is considerable during fluid-rock interaction.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Sokhret Allal tungsten-tin deposit is located in the Southern part of the two-mica Zaër granite (Central Morocco). The mineralization occurs in a swarm of subparallel quartz veins striking N 100–110°E. The veins are spatially associated with feldspathic episyenite-veins that seem to control their emplacement. The paragenesis is divided in three stages: I. oxide stage; II. intermediate stage; III. late sulphide stage. Fluid inclusions have been studied in the massive quartz of stage I. using microthermometric and Raman analyses: it is characterized by fluids evolving from aqueous-carbonic vapours (75 to 80 mole% H2O, 17 to 12 mole% CO2, 0.5 mole% CH4, 5 to 3 mole% N2, 2.5 to 2 mole% eq. NaCl; T≃450–500°C, P≃800 to 850 bar) to aqueous solutions (98 to 99 mole% H2O, 2 to 1 mole% eq. NaCl traces of CO2, CH4, N2; T≃300°C, P≃300 bar). Their evolution corresponds to the mixing of early carbonaceous fluid by an aqueous solution. Ore deposition would occur during this process of dilution. The early CO2 bearing fluid seem to play an important role in tungsten transport.
    Notes: Résumé Le gisement de tungstène-étain de Sokhret Allal est situé dans la partie méridionale du granite à deux micas des Zaër (Maroc Central). La minéralisation est supportée par un faisceau subparallèle de veines quartzeuses de direction N 100°E–110°E. Les filons sont associés spatialement à des bandes d'épisyénites feldspathiques qui semblent avoir guidé leur mise en place. Les successions minéralogiques ont été divisées en trois stades: I. stade à oxyde; II. stade intermédiaire; III. stade à sulfures. Les inclusions fluides ont été étudiées dans le quartz massif du stade I par microthermométrie et microsonde Raman: il se caractérise par des fluides évoluant depuis des «vapeurs carboniques» (75 à 80 moles% H2O, 17 à 12 moles% CO2, 0,5 moles% CH4, 5 à 3 moles% N2, 2,5 à 2 moles% eq. NaCl; T≃450–500°C; P≃800 à 850 bars) jusqu'à des fluides aqueux (98 à 99 moles% H2O, 2 à 1 moles% eq. NaCl, traces de CO2, CH4, N2; T≃300°C, P≃300 bars). Cette évolution s'effectue par le mélange de fluides carboniques précoces avec une phase fluide essentiellement aqueuse. Ce processus de dilution favoriserait le dépôt des minéralisations. Les fluides carboniques précoces semblent jouer un rôle important dans le transport du tungstène.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 31 (1996), S. 359-364 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A renewal of metallogenetical studies of Colombian emerald deposits produced new geological and geochemical data that favour a hydrothermal-sedimentary genetic model for these deposits. A comprehensive model is presented which integrates both chemical and structural aspects and invalidates some aspects of the model recently presented by Ottaway et al. The deposits result from a two-stage process in which shortening tectonics affect the two borders of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and provoke decollement planes, thrusting, and thrust-fault related folds in the Early Cretaceous black shale series. Three major descriptive and interpretative aspects of the deposits are presented: (1) time relationships between the two different sets of barren and mineralized extensional veins; (2) the association of graphite and emerald mineralization, and (3) the thermochemical sulfate reduction reaction acting at the site of the emerald deposits to reduce sulfate of evaporitic origin from the hydrothermal brines into hydrogen sulfide by interaction with organic-rich strata.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 31 (1996), S. 359-364 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract.  A renewal of metallogenetical studies of Colombian emerald deposits produced new geological and geochemical data that favour a hydrothermal-sedimentary genetic model for these deposits. A comprehensive model is presented which integrates both chemical and structural aspects and invalidates some aspects of the model recently presented by Ottaway et al. The deposits result from a two-stage process in which shortening tectonics affect the two borders of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and provoke decollement planes, thrusting, and thrust-fault related folds in the Early Cretaceous black shale series. Three major descriptive and interpretative aspects of the deposits are presented: (1) time relationships between the two different sets of barren and mineralized extensional veins; (2) the association of graphite and emerald mineralization, and (3) the thermochemical sulfate reduction reaction acting at the site of the emerald deposits to reduce sulfate of evaporitic origin from the hydrothermal brines into hydrogen sulfide by interaction with organic-rich strata.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120 (1993), S. 473-485 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The role of granitic deformation in the genesis of feldspathic episyenites from the Lovios-Geres (Galice) and Zaër (Central Morocco) batholiths: Relations with associated tungsten-tin deposits. The study of the deformation of two hercynian granites in the border zone of feldspathic episyenites suggests a tectonic model for their structural caracteristics. The development of the feldspathic episyenite veins takes place at the final stage of granite emplacement and results from a local stress field. This process increases the pore fluid pressure until it produces hydraulic fracturing. The generation of intragranitic tungsten-tin veins spatially associated with the episyenites must be related to later tectonic and fluid circulation events.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude de la déformation du granite dans les zones encaissant les bandes d'épisyénites feldspathiques de deux massifs hercyniens a permis de dégager un modèle tectonique rendant compte des caractéristiques structurales de celles-ci. Les bandes d'épisyénites feldspathiques se forment lors des phases ultimes de la mise en place des intrusions granitiques sous l'effet d'un champ de contrainte local susceptible d'engendrer des surpressions fluides aboutissant à une fracturation de type hydraulique. La genèse des minéralisations filoniennes intragranitiques à tungstène-étain associées spatialement à ces épisyénites doit être rapportée à des événements tectoniques et à des circulations fluides postérieures.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La composition chimique d'une cassitérite zonée provenant du gisement de tungstène-étain de Sokhret Allal (Granite des Zaër; Maroc Central) a été analysée par microsonde électronique. La zonation optique du minéral correspond à des variations en éléments mineurs (Fe, Ti, Nb): les bandes sombres apparaissent corrélées à une augmentation en titane et fer tandis que les bandes claires sont plus pures. Les inclusions fluides contemporaines du dépôt de la cassitérite sont primaires et constituées de fluides typiquement aqueux de composition (97 a 99 moles % H2O, 3 à 1 moles % équivalent NaCl, température=270–330 °C) et sont piégées en phase liquide. La contribution de ces nouvelles données à la métallogenèse W-Sn du Maroc Central est discutée.
    Notes: Abstract The chemical composition of a zoned cassiterite from the tungsten-tin deposit of Sokhret Allal (Zaër granite, Central Morocco) has been analyzed with an electron microprobe. The mineral zoning is related to variable Fe, Ti, and Nb contents: the darker zones are enriched in titanium and iron whereas lighter zones are purer. Fluid inclusions contemporaneous with cassiterite deposition are primary, and the fluids are aqueous with a composition of 97–99 mol% H2O and 3–1 mol% eq. NaCl (temperature=270–330 °C) and were trapped in the liquid-stability field. The contribution of these data to the central Morocco W-Sn metallogenesis is discussed.
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