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  • Geosciences  (70)
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  • Articles  (70)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Note on diurnal temperature variation (1953)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 104-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Brunt's simple expression for the diurnal variation of the surface temperature of the ground at the equinox is extended to any conditions. It is found that the time lag after noon of the maximum temperature varies from between 1.9 to 2.9 hours according to latitude and season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01996054
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The frictional properties of joints in rock (1959)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 43 (1959), S. 148-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The conditions for sliding over artificial joint surfaces have been studied experimentally by cutting rock cylinders at various angles to their axes and studying slip over these surfaces in a triaxial testing apparatus. The types of joint used were: (i) filled with plaster to simulate a soft joint filling, (ii) bare surfaces ground approximately flat, and (iii) natural surfaces across which shear failure had taken place. The results agreed reasonably well with the simple theory for a constant coefficient of friction. Measured coefficients of friction lie in the range 0.5–0.8 and differ by surprisingly little between the various surfaces. The surfaces across which sliding has taken place exhibit interesting slickenside phenomena. Subsidiary failures frequently occur which cut across the joint surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01993552
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of the cooling-history of thick intrusive sheets for the study of the secular variation of the earth's magnetic field (1956)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 35 (1956), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Numerical results are given which show the way in which thc Curie temperature moves inwards from the margin during the cooling of a thick intrusive sheet. The time taken to move from the margin to the centre varies as the square of the thickness of the sheet, being about 6500 years for a sheet 1000 m thick on reasonable assumptions as to the thermal properties of the material. This implies that the secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field over periods of time of 1000 years or more may be studied by measuring the directions of magnetisation at a series of points across the thickness of such a sheet. Some measurements on a Tasmanian sill about 430 m thick of Jurassic or Cretaceous age suggest a change from maximum to minimum inclination in a time of about 200 years. Since the margins of the sill are not available this figure may be considerably in error but the results suggest the general practicability of the method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02122865
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lees's topographic correction in heat flow and the geothermal flux in Tasmania (1963)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Lees's topographic correction for a simple idealized hill is discussed and extended to a monoclinal structure. It is valuable as giving very simply the order of magnitude of the correction. A number of new measurements of temperature in Tasmanian boreholes has been made and the previous rather high value of over 2μ cal/cm2 sec for the heat flux has been confirmed. The variation of thermal conductivity through the thickness of a differentiated tholeiite sheet has been measured and found to be in reasonably good agreement with values calculated from chemical and modal analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01988254
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deccan flood basalts at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary?
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 80 (1986), S. 361-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012-821X(86)90118-4
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous diffuse scattering from polymethylene chains – an electron diffraction study of crystalline disorder (1991)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 47 (1991), S. 543-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Continuous diffuse scattering is noted in electron diffraction patterns from polymethylene compounds such as n-paraffins and polyethylene. In a projection down the chain axes, experimentally produced by solution crystallization, the diffuse scatter in hk0 patterns disappears at low temperature, in accord with a thermal-diffuse-scattering model, which explains the intensity distribution and its temperature dependence. For a projection onto the chain axes, experimentally achieved by epitaxic orientation on benzoic acid crystals, the 0kl, as well as 3D projections, contain diffuse scatter which does not disappear at low termperature. Its origin appears to be due to frozen-in longitudinal chain static displacements, perhaps as much as 0.25 Å, as indicated by a model for this disorder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767391003823
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  • 7
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    Correction of non-intrusive drill core physical properties data for variability in recovered sediment volume (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-03
    Description: Non-intrusive track-based physical properties measurements of sediment cores recovered during ocean drilling are often biased by imperfect recovery within sediment core liners, particularly in heterogeneous and/or partially lithified sediments. These biases result in misrepresentation in measurements of true sediment physical properties, and can complicate integration of the composite site records assembled from recovered cores with borehole logs of the stratigraphic section. Here we develop a strategy utilizing gamma ray attenuation (GRA) density to generate mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (MS) and natural gamma radiation (NGR) data. Shipboard GRA density is collected in all cores that comprise a site at equivalent or higher resolution than the corresponding MS and NGR data. All instruments are calibrated assuming a volume of sediment in their detector windows equivalent to that present in a perfectly full core liner; changes in sediment bulk density related to compaction, and/or imperfect sediment recovery resulting in a partially filled core liner thus influence all three measurements proportional to their detector sensitivities. In principle it may be possible to correct MS or NGR data for variable sediment volume by normalizing them to GRA measured at equivalent depth on a sensing track, assuming that the volumetric bias is comparable in all three datasets. Because GRA is measured in much greater detail, it must be smoothed by the known measurement windows of the other parameters for the assumption of comparable analytical sediment volume to be true. Normalizing MS or NGR by the equivalently smoothed GRA in down-hole records should thus remove the bias associated with variable sediment volume in the detector windows, allowing for robust mass-specific determination of these volume-based sediment physical properties.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 8
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    Chronology of the Eocene continental deposits of Africa: Magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the El Kohol and Glib Zegdou Formations, Algeria (2012)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Despite numerous discoveries that have considerably enriched the African-Arabian Tertiary fossil record over the last decades, our knowledge of the evolutionary history of many continental African vertebrate groups during the Paleogene period remains inadequate, particularly when it is compared with the fossil records of Europe or North America. The Eocene Epoch in Africa is especially poorly documented, being restricted to few fossiliferous localities. Our understanding of the early Tertiary emergence, diversification, and paleobiogeographic history of African-Arabian mammals has been further hindered by the lack of a precise temporal framework for these sites. We conducted magnetostratigraphic analyses, associated with biostratigraphic studies, in the fossiliferous sequences exposed in the northwestern Hammadas of the Saharan Platform in the Glib Zegdou area and in the Saharan Atlas at the El Kohol locality (Algeria) to further define the age of these Eocene continental deposits. Based on biostratigraphic constraints, the six polarity zones identified in the El Kohol section can be correlated with chrons C24n to C22r, providing the first direct age estimates for the El Kohol fossiliferous strata between 52 and 51 Ma. Correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale, using previously published biostratigraphic data for the Glib Zegdou fauna, suggests an age ranging between 49 and 45 Ma for this section. The high-resolution magnetostratigraphic study of the poorly known continental Eocene Epoch of Algeria provides new insights into the early Tertiary stratigraphy of northwest Africa. The placement of the Algerian localities into a consistent chronological framework constitutes considerable advancement to achieve biostratigraphic correlation of the Paleogene African-Arabian mammal localities.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 9
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    A comparison between multiproxy and historical data (AD 1990-1840) of drift ice conditions on the East Greenland Shelf (~66{degrees}N) (2013)
    Sage
    In: Holocene
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-29
    Description: The reduction in sea ice along the SE Greenland coast during the last century has severely impacted ice-rafting to this area. In order to reconstruct ice-rafting and oceanographic conditions in the area of Denmark Strait during the last ~150 years, we conducted a multiproxy study on three short (20 cm) sediment cores from outer Kangerdlugssuaq Trough (~300 m water depth). The proxy-based data obtained have been compared with historical and instrumental data to gain a better understanding of the ice sheet–ocean interactions in the area. A robust chronology has been developed based on 210 Pb and 137 Cs measurements on core PO175GKC#9 (~66.2°N, 32°W) and expanded to the two adjacent cores based on correlations between calcite weight percent records. Our proxy records include sea-ice and phytoplankton biomarkers, and a variety of mineralogical determinations based on the 〈2 mm sediment fraction, including identification with quantitative x-ray diffraction, ice-rafted debris counts on the 63–150 µm sand fraction, and source identifications based on the composition of Fe oxides in the 45–250 µm fraction. A multivariate statistical analysis indicated significant correlations between our proxy records and historical data, especially with the mean annual temperature data from Stykkishólmur (Iceland) and the storis index (historical observations of sea-ice export via the East Greenland Current). In particular, the biological proxies (calcite weight percent, IP 25 , and total organic carbon %) showed significant linkage with the storis index. Our records show two distinct intervals in the recent history of the SE Greenland coast. The first of these ( ad 1850–1910) shows predominantly perennial sea-ice conditions in the area, while the second ( ad 1910–1990) shows more seasonally open water conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6836
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-0911
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Sage
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  • 10
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    Growth of subtropical forests in Miocene Europe: The roles of carbon dioxide and Antarctic ice volume (2012)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: The middle Miocene is a crucial period for the evolution of apes, and it corresponds to their appearance in Europe. The dispersion of apes was made possible by tectonic changes and the expansion of their habitat, (sub-) tropical forest, in Europe. The context in which the middle Miocene climatic optimum occurred still lacks constraints in terms of atmospheric pCO2 and ice-sheet volume and extent. Using a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (GCM) and dynamic vegetation model, we investigated the sensitivity of Miocene climate and vegetation to pCO2 levels and Antarctic ice-sheet configurations. Our results indicate that higher than present pCO2 is necessary to simulate subtropical forest in Western and Central Europe during the middle Miocene, but that a threshold at high pCO2 makes subtropical forest partly collapse. Moreover, removing ice over Antarctica modifies oceanic circulation and induces warmer and slightly wetter conditions in Europe, which are consistent with the expansion of subtropical forest. These results suggest that a small East Antarctic Ice Sheet (25% of present-day ice volume) together with higher than present pCO2 values are in better agreement with available European middle Miocene data.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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