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  • 1
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    In:  [Invited talk] In: Ringvorlesung "Lebensraum Küste", 16.11.2016, CAU, Kiel, Germany .
    Publication Date: 2017-09-18
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    In:  [Invited talk] In: University of Essex, 18.07.2017, Colchester, UK .
    Publication Date: 2017-09-18
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Climate change will not only shift environmental means but will also increase the intensity of extreme events, exerting additional stress on ecosystems. While field observations on the ecological consequences of heat waves are emerging, experimental evidence is rare, and lacking at the community level. Using a novel "near-natural" outdoor mesocosms approach, this study tested whether marine summer heat waves have detrimental consequences for macrofauna of a temperate coastal community, and whether sequential heat waves provoke an increase or decrease of sensitivity to thermal stress. Three treatments were applied, defined and characterized through a statistical analysis of 15 years of temperature records from the experimental site: (1) no heat wave, (2) two heat waves in June and July followed by a summer heat wave in August and (3) the summer heat wave only. Overall, 50% of the species showed positive, negative or positive/negative responses in either abundance and/or biomass. We highlight four possible ways in which single species responded to either three subsequent heat waves or one summer heat wave: (1) absence of a response (tolerance, 50% of species), (2) negative accumulative effects by three subsequent heat waves (tellinid bivalve), (3) buffering by proceeding heat waves due to acclimation and/or shifts in phenology (spionid polychaete) and (4) an accumulative positive effect by subsequent heat waves (amphipod). The differential responses to single or sequential heat waves at the species level entailed shifts at the community level. Community-level differences between single and triple heat waves were more pronounced than those between regimes with vs. without heat waves. Detritivory was reduced by the single heat wave while suspension feeding was less common in the triple heat wave regime. Critical extreme events occur already today and will occur more frequently in a changing climate, thus, leading to detrimental impacts on coastal marine systems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Marine macroalgae in temperate regions are constantly exposed to colonization by fouling organisms, but the intensity of fouling fluctuates in time. We, therefore, hypothesized that a macroalgal species from these latitudes should be able to adjust its antifouling defense to the prevailing colonization pressure. To test this assumption, fouling pressure in the Western Baltic Sea as well as the activity of surface extracts gained from the non-native Gracilaria vermiculophylla against the diatom Stauroneis constricta and the filamentous alga Ceramium tenuicorne were assessed over one vegetation period on a monthly basis. We used two solvents with different polarities to extract chemical compounds from the alga. Both, hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) surface extracts, inhibited settlement of C. tenuicorne, while only hexane surface extracts deterred S. constricta. Furthermore, the activities of both extracts fluctuated on the scale of months and the fluctuations in the activity against C. tenuicorne, which were observed in DCM extracts, correlated with the intensity of fouling pressure that C. tenuicorne inflicted on G. vermiculophylla in the field. Thus, G. vermiculophylla appears to be able to adjust its antifouling defenses—at least partly—to fouling pressure.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The identification of native sources and vectors of introduced species informs their ecological and evolutionary history and may guide policies that seek to prevent future introductions. Population genetics provides a powerful set of tools to identify origins and vectors. However, these tools can mislead when the native range is poorly sampled or few molecular markers are used. Here, we traced the introduction of the Asian seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) into estuaries in coastal western North America, the eastern United States, Europe, and northwestern Africa by genotyping more than 2,500 thalli from 37 native and 53 non-native sites at mitochondrial cox1 and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. Overall, greater than 90% of introduced thalli had a genetic signature similar to thalli sampled from the coastline of northeastern Japan, strongly indicating this region served as the principal source of the invasion. Notably, northeastern Japan exported the vast majority of the oyster Crassostrea gigas during the 20th century. The preponderance of evidence suggests G. vermiculophylla may have been inadvertently introduced with C. gigas shipments and that northeastern Japan is a common source region for estuarine invaders. Each invaded coastline reflected a complex mix of direct introductions from Japan and secondary introductions from other invaded coastlines. The spread of G. vermiculophylla along each coastline was likely facilitated by aquaculture, fishing, and boating activities. Our ability to document a source region was enabled by a robust sampling of locations and loci that previous studies lacked and strong phylogeographic structure along native coastlines.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-01-30
    Description: The genus Ulva is has broadly negative connotations because of its ability to form harmful “green tides” and the problems it causes with precise species identification, due to its morphological plasticity. During recent years, tides of unattached Ulva compressa U. Linneus 1753 with an atypical sheet-like morphology were for the first time observed in the German Baltic. Here we report that this nuisance alga is conspecific with the type strain of U. mutabilis Föyn 1958 from Faro in Portugal, an important model organism to study morphogenesis, morphogenetics and mutualistic interactions. Different approaches were used to examine conspecificity: (1) Comparisons on vegetative and reproductive features of cultured material of Ulva mutabilis and German Ulva compressa resulted in congruent results proving that a certain morphogenetic mutation pattern is shared. Spontaneous mutations of “slender-like” thalli are appearing whilst the common form exhibits a “leaf-like” wildtype morphology. (2) Interbreeding experiments of gametes of Ulva compressa and Ulva mutabilis were successful and showed a fertile first-generation offspring exhibiting the typical wildtype morphology similar to the phenotype of the parental generation. (3) Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses were carried out on 128 tufA sequences of Ulva compressa specimens sampled in 2014–2016 in Germany and on tufA sequences of two clones of the strains Ulva mutabilis (sl-G[mt+]) and Ulva mutabilis (wt-[mt-]) to identify Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). The Generalized Mixed Yule-Coalescent (GMYC) method comprises one major MOTU containing all included sequences of Ulva compressa and Ulva mutabilis, while reference sequences included in the analysis clustered outside this MOTU. This highly supports the monophyly of Ulva compressa and Ulva mutabilis, which can be treated as the same species. As a consequence, U. mutabilis is also a suitable model for future studies of green tides and their molecular and morphogenetic basis in the Baltic Sea.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    In:  [Invited talk] In: EuroMarine Foresight Workshop "Marine Eco-Systems Biology (MESB) – Bridging environmental and ecological data with integrated ‘omics to understand the predict future seagrass ecosystems under global / climate change", 12.-14.12.2016, University Odense, Svanninge Bjerge, DK .
    Publication Date: 2017-09-18
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    In:  [Invited talk] In: Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, 31.08.2017, Qingdao, China .
    Publication Date: 2017-09-18
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Rapid evolution of non-native species can facilitate invasion success, but recent reviews indicate that such microevolution rarely yields expansion of the climatic niche in the introduced habitats. However, because some invasions originate from a geographically restricted portion of the native species range and its climatic niche, it is possible that the frequency, direction and magnitude of phenotypic evolution during invasion has been underestimated. We explored the utility of niche-shift analyses in the red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla, which expanded its range from the northeastern coastline of Japan to North America, Europe and northwestern Africa within the last 100 years. A genetically-informed climatic niche shift analysis indicates that native source populations occur in colder and highly seasonal habitats, while most non-native populations typically occur in warmer, less seasonal habitats. This climatic niche expansion predicts that non-native populations evolved greater tolerance for elevated heat conditions relative to native source populations. We assayed 935 field-collected and 325 common-garden thalli from 40 locations and as predicted, non-native populations had greater tolerance for ecologically-relevant extreme heat (40°C) than did Japanese source populations. Non-native populations also had greater tolerance for cold and low-salinity stresses relative to source populations. The importance of local adaptation to warm temperatures during invasion was reinforced by evolution of parallel clines: populations from warmer, lower-latitude estuaries had greater heat tolerance than did populations from colder, higher-latitude estuaries in both Japan and eastern North America. We conclude that rapid evolution plays an important role in facilitating the invasion success of this and perhaps other non-native marine species. Genetically-informed ecological niche analyses readily generate clear predictions of phenotypic shifts during invasions, and may help to resolve debate over the frequency of niche conservatism versus rapid adaptation during invasion.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: A bioassay-guided approach was used to identify defense compounds that are present on the surface of Zostera marina and which inhibit settlement of microfoulers at natural concentrations. Moderately polar eelgrass surface extracts inhibited the settlement of seven marine bacteria and one yeast that originated from non-living substrata. In contrast, five other bacterial strains that had been directly isolated from eelgrass surfaces were all insensitive, which suggested a selective effect of surface metabolites on the microbial communities present on eelgrass. Bioassay-guided isolation of active compounds from the extracts in combination with UPLC-MS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy resulted in the identification of rosmarinic acid, luteolin-7-sulfate and diosmetin-7-sulfate or its isomer chrysoeriol-7-sulfate. All three compounds are nontoxic repellents, as they did not inhibit bacterial growth, but prevented bacterial settlement in a dose-dependent manner. Between 15.6 and 106.8 μg ml−1 of rosmarinic acid were present on the eelgrass surface, enough for half maximal settlement inhibition of bacteria.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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