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  • 1
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    Contemplating Synergistic Algorithms for the NASA ACE Mission (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: ACE is a proposed Tier 2 NASA Decadal Survey mission that will focus on clouds, aerosols, and precipitation as well as ocean ecosystems. The primary objective of the clouds component of this mission is to advance our ability to predict changes to the Earth's hydrological cycle and energy balance in response to climate forcings by generating observational constraints on future science questions, especially those associated with the effects of aerosol on clouds and precipitation. ACE will continue and extend the measurement heritage that began with the A-Train and that will continue through Earthcare. ACE planning efforts have identified several data streams that can contribute significantly to characterizing the properties of clouds and precipitation and the physical processes that force these properties. These include dual frequency Doppler radar, high spectral resolution lidar, polarimetric visible imagers, passive microwave and submillimeter wave radiometry. While all these data streams are technologically feasible, their total cost is substantial and likely prohibitive. It is, therefore, necessary to critically evaluate their contributions to the ACE science goals. We have begun developing algorithms to explore this trade space. Specifically, we will describe our early exploratory algorithms that take as input the set of potential ACE-like data streams and evaluate critically to what extent each data stream influences the error in a specific cloud quantity retrieval.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN13795 , SPIE Remote Sensing - Optics in Atmospheric Propagation and Adaptive Systems; Sep 23, 2013 - Sep 26, 2013; Dresden; Germany|Proceedings of SPIE; 8890; 88900I|SPIE Remote Sensing - Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere; Sep 23, 2013 - Sep 26, 2013; Dresden; Germany
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    High-Energy Radiation from Thunderstorms with ADELE: TGFs, Steps, and Glows (2011)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The biggest challenge in the study of high-energy processes in thunderstorms is getting a detector to the vicinity of the electrically active regions of a storm. The Airborne Detector for Energetic Lightning Emissions (ADELE) has been used to detect gamma rays from aircraft above storms and from a storm-chasing van on the ground. In August 2009, ADELE flew above Florida storms in a Gulfstream V jet, detecting the first terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF) seen from a plane and continuous glows of high-energy emission above thunderclouds. The presence of these glows suggests that a gradual process of relativistic runaway and feedback may help limit the total amount of charging in thunderstorms, in contrast to the traditional view that only lightning discharges compete with the charging process. The upper limits on TGF emission from intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning from the ADELE flights demonstrated conclusively that a TGF of the sort seen from space is not associated with most lightning and not necessary to trigger it. In August 2010, observations from a van detected stepped-leader x-ray emission from at least four lightning strikes in ten days of operations. This mode of operation is therefore promising for future observations of the stepping process, although a more varied suite of instrumentation, in particular a flash-distance detector, would be useful. We will report on these results and on future possibilities for ADELE campaigns.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: M11-0098 , 14th International Commission on Atmospheric Electricity (ICAE) Conference; Aug 08, 2011 - Aug 12, 2011; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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  • 3
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    The geodynamic and limnological evolution of Balkan Lake Ohrid, possibly the oldest extant lake in Europe (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-04
    Description: Studies of the upper 447 m of the DEEP site sediment succession from central Lake Ohrid, Balkan Peninsula, North Macedonia and Albania provided important insights into the regional climate history and evolutionary dynamics since permanent lacustrine conditions established at 1.36 million years ago (Ma). This paper focuses on the entire 584‐m‐long DEEP sediment succession and a comparison to a 197‐m‐long sediment succession from the Pestani site ~5 km to the east in the lake, where drilling ended close to the bedrock, to unravel the earliest history of Lake Ohrid and its basin development. 26Al/10Be dating of clasts from the base of the DEEP sediment succession implies that the sedimentation in the modern basin started at c. 2 Ma. Geophysical, sedimentological and micropalaeontological data allow for chronological information to be transposed from the DEEP to the Pestani succession. Fluvial conditions, slack water conditions, peat formation and/or complete desiccation prevailed at the DEEP and Pestani sites until 1.36 and 1.21 Ma, respectively, before a larger lake extended over both sites. Activation of karst aquifers to the east probably by tectonic activity and a potential existence of neighbouring Lake Prespa supported filling of Lake Ohrid. The lake deepened gradually, with a relatively constant vertical displacement rate of ~0.2 mm a−1 between the central and the eastern lateral basin and with greater water depth presumably during interglacial periods. Although the dynamic environment characterized by local processes and the fragmentary chronology of the basal sediment successions from both sites hamper palaeoclimatic significance prior to the existence of a larger lake, the new data provide an unprecedented and detailed picture of the geodynamic evolution of the basin and lake that is Europe’s presumed oldest extant freshwater lake.
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Balkan Peninsula ; Lake Ohrid ; DEEP sediment succession ; Pestani succession ; evolutionary dynamics ; regional climate history
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Investigation of a Dissipating Mesospheric Bore Using Airglow Imager and Direct Numerical Simulation (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Atmospheric gravity waves play an important role in driving the dynamics of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere and the basic structure of this region is determined by momentum deposition of these waves. Mesospheric bores are a type of non‐linear response that cause the amplification of gravity wave, due to trapping, that is characterized by a propagating step‐like jump followed by undulating waves. They require a stable layer or duct to travel horizontally with little attenuation thereby capable of transporting wave energy and momentum over larger distances. We present a prominent bright undular bore event observed in the mesospheric O(〈sup〉1〈/sup〉S), O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, and OH emission layers on 16 March 2021 over Germany. A striking feature of this observation is the capture of bore's rapid dissipation around the center of the imager's field of view. The vertical temperature profile obtained from the satellite data indicates the presence of temperature inversion layer which acted as a thermal duct for the bore propagation. In addition, we have performed idealized two dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) of Navier‐Stokes equations under Boussinesq approximation. The DNS results reproduce many important characteristics of the observed airglow event like the nonlinear wave‐steepening, number of trailing waves, and its dissipation by implementing a thermal duct and a wave‐like perturbation. Furthermore, the DNS results also indicate that the duct width and amplitude of the initial perturbation have a considerable effect on the bore morphology.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Observation of a mesospheric bright bore event that dissipated within the field of view〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The duct that enabled the bore propagation was near the O(〈sup〉1〈/sup〉S) emission layer based on the observational data〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The majority of the observed features are reproduced with idealized 2D direct numerical simulations using Boussinesq approximation〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: https://doi.org/10.22000/809
    Description: http://sirius.bu.edu/data/
    Description: http://saber.gats-inc.com/coin.php
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; bores ; direct numerical simulations ; gravity waves ; inversion layers
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    People need freshwater biodiversity (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-21
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Freshwater biodiversity, from fish to frogs and microbes to macrophytes, provides a vast array of services to people. Mounting concerns focus on the accelerating pace of biodiversity loss and declining ecological function within freshwater ecosystems that continue to threaten these natural benefits. Here, we catalog nine fundamental ecosystem services that the biotic components of indigenous freshwater biodiversity provide to people, organized into three categories: material (food; health and genetic resources; material goods), non‐material (culture; education and science; recreation), and regulating (catchment integrity; climate regulation; water purification and nutrient cycling). If freshwater biodiversity is protected, conserved, and restored in an integrated manner, as well as more broadly appreciated by humanity, it will continue to contribute to human well‐being and our sustainable future via this wide range of services and associated nature‐based solutions to our sustainable future.〈/p〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉
    Description: María de Maeztu excellence accreditation 2018‐2022
    Description: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837
    Description: Leibniz Competition: Freshwater Megafauna Futures
    Description: CGIAR Initiative on NEXUS Gains
    Keywords: ddc:333.9 ; ecosystem services ; freshwater biodiversity ; freshwater ecosystems ; freshwater life
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Inspecting the Reliability of Geochemical Facies Identified for the Waterworks' Capture Zone in Germany (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Little research attention has been given to validating clusters obtained from the groundwater geochemistry of the waterworks' capture zone with a prevailing lake‐groundwater exchange. To address this knowledge gap, we proposed a new scheme whereby Gaussian finite mixture modeling (GFMM) and Spike‐and‐Slab Bayesian (SSB) algorithms were utilized to cluster the groundwater geochemistry while quantifying the probability of the resulting cluster membership against each other. We applied GFMM and SSB to 13 geochemical parameters collected during different sampling periods at 13 observation points across the Barnim Highlands plateau located in the northeast of Berlin, Germany; this included 10 observation wells, two lakes, and a gallery of drinking production wells. The cluster analysis of GFMM yielded nine clusters, either with a probability ≥0.8, while the SSB produced three hierarchical clusters with a probability of cluster membership varying from 〈0.2 to 〉0.8. The findings demonstrated that the clustering results of GFMM were in good agreement with the classification as per the principal component analysis and Piper diagram. By superimposing the parameter clustering onto the observation clustering, we could identify discrepancies that exist among the parameters of a certain cluster. This enables the identification of different factors that may control the geochemistry of a certain cluster, although parameters of that cluster share a strong similarity. The GFMM results have shown that from 2002, there has been active groundwater inflow from the lakes towards the capture zone. This means that it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures to reverse the inflow towards the lakes.
    Description: Article impact statement: The probability of cluster membership quantified using an algorithm should be validated against another probabilistic‐based classifier.
    Description: Federal Ministry of Education and Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Multiple Angle Observations Would Benefit Visible Band Remote Sensing Using Night Lights (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: The spatial and angular emission patterns of artificial and natural light emitted, scattered, and reflected from the Earth at night are far more complex than those for scattered and reflected solar radiation during daytime. In this commentary, we use examples to show that there is additional information contained in the angular distribution of emitted light. We argue that this information could be used to improve existing remote sensing retrievals based on night lights, and in some cases could make entirely new remote sensing analyses possible. This work will be challenging, so we hope this article will encourage researchers and funding agencies to pursue further study of how multi‐angle views can be analyzed or acquired.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: When satellites take images of Earth, they usually do so from directly above (or as close to it as is reasonably possible). In this comment, we show that for studies that use imagery of Earth at night, it may be beneficial to take several images of the same area at different angles within a short period of time. For example, different types of lights shine in different directions (street lights usually shine down, while video advertisements shine sideways), and tall buildings can block the view of a street from some viewing angles. Additionally, since views from different directions pass through different amounts of air, imagery at multiple angles could be used to obtain information about Earth's atmosphere, and measure artificial and natural night sky brightness. The main point of the paper is to encourage researchers, funding agencies, and space agencies to think about what new possibilities could be achieved in the future with views of night lights at different angles.
    Description: Key Points: Remote sensing using the visible band at night is more complex than during the daytime, especially due to the variety of artificial lights. Views of night lights intentionally taken from multiple angles provide several advantages over near‐nadir or circumstantial view geometries. Night lights remote sensing would benefit from greater consideration of the role viewing geometry plays in the observed radiance.
    Description: EC H2020 H2020 Societal Challenges http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010676
    Description: Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: Slovak Research and Development Agency
    Description: Xunta de Galicia (Regional Government of Galicia) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010801
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104
    Description: University of Hong Kong http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003803
    Description: Fonds de recherche du Québec
    Description: EC Emprego, Assuntos Sociais e Inclusão European Social Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004895
    Description: Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270
    Description: City of Cologne, Germany
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    North Atlantic Drift Sediments Constrain Eocene Tidal Dissipation and the Evolution of the Earth‐Moon System (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology are now at the forefront of geologic timekeeping. While this technique heavily relies on the accuracy of astronomical calculations, solar system chaos limits how far back astronomical calculations can be performed with confidence. High‐resolution paleoclimate records with Milankovitch imprints now allow reversing the traditional cyclostratigraphic approach: Middle Eocene drift sediments from Newfoundland Ridge are well‐suited for this purpose, due to high sedimentation rates and distinct lithological cycles. Per contra, the stratigraphies of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Sites U1408–U1410 are highly complex with several hiatuses. Here, we built a two‐site composite and constructed a conservative age‐depth model to provide a reliable chronology for this rhythmic, highly resolved (〈1 kyr) sedimentary archive. Astronomical components (g‐terms and precession constant) are extracted from proxy time‐series using two different techniques, producing consistent results. We find astronomical frequencies up to 4% lower than reported in astronomical solution La04. This solution, however, was smoothed over 20‐Myr intervals, and our results therefore provide constraints on g‐term variability on shorter, million‐year timescales. We also report first evidence that the g〈sub〉4〈/sub〉–g〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 “grand eccentricity cycle” may have had a 1.2‐Myr period around 41 Ma, contrary to its 2.4‐Myr periodicity today. Our median precession constant estimate (51.28 ± 0.56″/year) confirms earlier indicators of a relatively low rate of tidal dissipation in the Paleogene. Newfoundland Ridge drift sediments thus enable a reliable reconstruction of astronomical components at the limit of validity of current astronomical calculations, extracted from geologic data, providing a new target for the next generation of astronomical calculations.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The traditional cyclostratigraphic approach is to align and correlate a geologic depth‐series with an astronomical solution. However, the chaotic nature of the Solar System prevents astronomers from precisely calculating planetary motions beyond 40–50 million years ago. This in turn limits the options for geologists to use the resulting oscillations in Earth's climate system as a metronome for determining geologic time. In this study, we reversed the cyclostratigraphic approach and used the highly rhythmical sedimentary deposits from Newfoundland Ridge (North Atlantic) to back‐calculate planetary motions at ∼41 million years ago. The superior quality of the Newfoundland Ridge geoarchive originates from the combination of relatively high sedimentation rates (∼4 cm/kyr) and the time‐continuous character of our two‐site composite record between 39.5 and 42.8 million years ago. In this work, we had to first overcome considerable challenges in reconstructing the timing of sediment deposition, which we did with highly resolved geochemical measurements from two sites. We then were able to extract information on the Earth's planetary motion and on the Earth‐Moon interactions. These astronomical reconstructions based on geological data can now be used by astronomers to describe the evolution of the solar system further back in time than was previously possible.
    Description: Key Points: A new precession‐based cyclostratigraphy for the middle Eocene intervals of IODP Sites U1408 and U1410. Variability in astronomical fundamental frequencies (g‐terms) on million‐year timescales is larger than previously assumed. Our precession constant estimate for 41 Ma (51.28 ± 0.56″/year) confirms earlier indicators of slower tidal dissipation in the Paleogene.
    Description: National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Description: University of California http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005595
    Description: Belgian American Educational Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001491
    Description: https://paloz.marum.de/AstroComputation/index.html
    Description: https://paloz.marum.de/confluence/display/ESPUBLIC/NAFF
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; North Atlantic ; Eocene ; cyclostratigraphy ; astrochronology
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Projected Impact of Increased Global Warming on Heat Stress and Exposed Population Over Africa (2023)
    Fotso‐Nguemo, Thierry C. ; Weber, Torsten ; Diedhiou, Arona ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: This study investigates the impact of increased global warming on heat stress changes and the potential number of people exposed to heat risks over Africa. For this purpose a heat index has been computed based on an ensemble‐mean of high‐resolution regional climate model simulations from the Coordinated Output for Regional Evaluations embedded in the COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment, under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5), combined with projections of population growth developed based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios (SSP1 and SSP5). Results show that by the late 21st century, the increased global warming is expected to induce a 12‐fold increase in the area extent affected by heat stress of high‐risk level. This would result in an increase of about 10%–30% in the number of days with high‐risk heat conditions, as well as about 6%–20% in their magnitude throughout the seasonal cycle over West, Central, and North‐East Africa. Therefore, and because of the lack of adaptation and mitigation policies, the exacerbation of ambient heat conditions could contribute to the exposure of about 2–8.5 million person‐events to heat stress of high‐risk level over Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, and Nigeria. Furthermore, it was found that the interaction effect between the climate change and population growth seems to be the most dominant in explaining the total changes in exposure due to moderate and high heat‐related risks over all subregions of the African continent.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: This study investigates the impact of increased global warming on heat stress changes and the potential number of persons likely to be exposed to heat risks over Africa. Results show that by the end of the 21st century, the increased global warming is expected to induce a 12‐fold increase in the total area affected by dangerous heat conditions over the continent. This would result in an increase of about 10%–30% in the number of days with these heat conditions, as well as about 6%–20% in their magnitude throughout the seasonal cycle over West, Central and North‐East Africa. Therefore, because of the lack of adaptation and mitigation policies, the exacerbation of ambient heat conditions could contribute to the exposure of about 2–8.5 million person‐events to heat stress of high‐risk level over Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, and Nigeria. Since these heat events would be partly driven by interactions effects between climate change and population growth, efficient measures allowing not only to mitigate the increased greenhouse gas emissions, but also the effects of high heat on the human body must be urgently implemented on the affected countries' scale, in order to significantly decrease the vulnerability of their populations to potential heat‐related health problems.
    Description: Key Points: Increased global warming induces more spatially and temporally widespread extreme heat events over West, Central and North‐East Africa. Populations of some West African countries are projected to be particularly exposed to moderate and high heat conditions. Change in population exposure to dangerous heat categories is mainly driven by the interaction effect between climate and population growth.
    Description: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Projekt DEAL
    Description: https://esg-dn1.nsc.liu.se/search/cordex/
    Description: https://esgf-data.dkrz.de/projects/esgf-dkrz/
    Description: https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/details/31
    Description: https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/popdynamics-1-8th-pop-base-year-projection-ssp-2000-2100-rev01/data-download
    Description: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=form
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Africa ; climate change ; heat stress index ; global warming
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Shaping the Huara Intrusive Complex in the Hyperarid Atacama Desert—Erosional Near‐Stasis Contrasting High Topographic Gradients (2023)
    Ritter, Benedikt ; Mohren, Joel ; Binnie, Steven A. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: The Atacama Desert is one of the driest and oldest deserts on Earth, with extremely low precipitation rates (〈2 mm/yr). Mostly abiotic hyperarid environmental conditions prevail, and surface processes act at extremely low rates over the long‐term. To gain knowledge about the rate of surface processes and age of landscapes in desert environments, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide derived erosion rate estimates can be used. Within the Huara Intrusive Complex, situated in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert, basin‐averaged bedrock erosion rates from channel sediments are extremely low, that is, less than 1 m/Myr. Such low rates indicate that fluvial processes operate very slowly or are almost absent. Bedrock erosion rates of channel knickpoints, however, reveal one to two orders of magnitude higher erosion rates (2–12 m/Myr). Erosion rates are remarkably low when compared to the steep surrounding topography. Tectonic uplift creates higher gravitational potentials for surface processes, controlling the overall erosion rate capacity. However, erosion itself is taking place by local precipitation capable of exceeding thresholds for surface activity. In the Atacama Desert, this happens only due to rare severe precipitation events, explaining the extremely low erosion rates. The efficiency of these events is modulated by local intrinsic processes and conditions, such as high infiltration capacities of Atacama soils and/or large channel boulder accumulations. Due to the virtual absence of these precipitation events capable of erosion, the landscape appears to be in hibernation.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Atacama Desert is one of the driest and oldest deserts on Earth, with extremely low precipitation rates (〈2 mm/yr). Surface processes operate at very low rates and on small spatial scales. To understand the rates of surface activity, cosmogenic nuclides are a widely used tool to constrain the exposure duration of sediments on the Earth's surface. Within the Huara Intrusive Complex, situated in the hyperarid core of the Atacama, basin‐averaged erosion rates from channel sediments are extremely low. Such low rates indicate that the transport of sediment is very slow or almost absent, revealing a landscape in hibernation. Bedrock erosion rates in channels, however, are one to two orders higher. The studied catchments have been subject to Quaternary tectonic activity, which can explain higher bedrock erosion rates. Rare precipitation events, typical for desert environments, have to be strong enough to provoke erosion. Processes associated with extreme long‐term aridity modulate the erosive impact of precipitation events; for example, CaSO4‐rich soils soak up water preventing surface runoff or channel boulder accumulations buffer surface flow reducing the capacity to erode.
    Description: Key Points: Extremely low basin erosion rates (〈1 m/Myr) in the hyperarid Atacama prevailed since the Pliocene, contrasting high relief topography. Higher bedrock erosion rates indicate that the tectonic activity is the active landscape forming mechanism. The capacity to erode is reduced by the effects of atmospheric deposition, soil inflation, and channel boulder accumulations.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://www.crc1211db.uni-koeln.de/search/view.php?doiID=61
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; Atacama Desert ; terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides ; erosion rates
    Language: English
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