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  • Other Sources  (114)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: ICE magnetometer measurements at Comet Giacobini-Zinner and model simulations of comet-solar wind interactions are analyzed. The magnetometer data reveal the existence of intense hydromagnetic turbulence, a draping of the magnetic field lines to form a magnetotail, a weak shock, and a magnetic barrier region in the magnetosphere. The global models of the comet-solar wind interaction are described. The observed data and models are compared and good correlation is displayed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 239-242
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  • 2
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The spectral identification of CH3CN and HCN provides the first support for the hypothesis first proposed by Wurm (1943), of chemically stable 'parent molecules' for the less stable radicals and ions seen in the coma and the tail. These two molecules were among the earliest discovered in dense interstellar clouds. Circumstantial evidence for the presence of water as the dominant volatile component in the nucleus has been growing for some time. However, a much more volatile species is required to explain the observed behavior of the comet. CO, formaldehyde, or methane would quickly evaporate as the comet approached the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 249; June 7
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Although chemically stable 'parent molecules' for the observed radicals in comets, have been suspected for more than thirty years none of them has yet been observed spectroscopically. The newly discovered great comet Kohoutek may provide an excellent opportunity for directly observing a 'parent molecule' (namely, H2O) for the first time. The continuous development of a H2O atmosphere around the nucleus as the comet approaches the sun is discussed together with the detection of this atmosphere, using ground-based instruments and instruments carried in aircraft, balloons, and rockets.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 245; Sept. 28
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The RPA2-PICCA instrument aboard the Giotto spacecraft obtained 10-210 amu mass spectral of cold thermal molecular ions in the coma of Comet Halley. The dissociation products of the long chain formaldehyde polymer polyoxymethylene (POM) have recently been proposed as the dominant complex molecules in the coma of Comet Halley; however, POM alone cannot account for all of the features of the high resolution spectrum. An important component of the dust at Comet Halley is particles highly enriched in carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen relative to the composition of carbonaceous chondrites. Since this dust could be a source for the heavy molecules observed by PICCA, a search was conducted for other chemical species by determining all the molecules with mass between 20 and 120 amu which can be made from the relatively abundant C, H, O, and N, without regard to chemical structure.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Ames Research Center, Interstellar Dust: Contributed Papers; p 451-452
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The potential distribution in a plasma containing dust grains were derived where the Debye length can be larger or smaller than the average intergrain spacing. Three models were treated for the grain-plasma system, with the assumption that the system of dust and plasma is charge-neutral: a permeable grain model, an impermeable grain model, and a capacitor model that does not require the nearest neighbor approximation of the other two models. A gauge-invariant form of Poisson's equation was used which is linearized about the average potential in the system. The charging currents to a grain are functions of the difference between the grain potential and this average potential. Expressions were obtained for the equilibrium potential of the grain and for the gauge-invariant capacitance between the grain and the plasma. The charge on a grain is determined by the product of this capacitance and the grain-plasma potential difference.
    Keywords: PLASMA PHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington. Interrelationships among Circumstellar, Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust; 1 p
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The recent spacecraft encounters with comets Giacobini-Zinner and Halley have led to an enormous increase in our knowledge of comets, including their dust, neutral gas, plasma, and magnetic field environments. The latter has in turn led to better understanding of the nature of the solar wind interaction with the well developed atmosphere of a comet. The post-encounter understanding of this interaction is reviewed, underscoring the differences with pre-encounter reasoning. The problems outstanding in this area are emphasized.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Alabama Univ., Huntsville. STIP Symposium on Physical Interpretation of Solar(Interplanetary and Cometary Intervals; p 50
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  • 7
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Cometary dust, by virtue of being immersed in a plasma and UV radiative environment are necessarily electrically charged. This charging can lead to both physical and dynamical effects on the dust. On the other hand, the dust could have certain effects on the plasma as well as on the interplanetary magnetic field. These processes are discussed and the observations, both remote and in situ, which pertain to them are critically reviewed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The reasons for the intrinsic brightness variations of up to 500 percent on time scales as short as a few hours detected by Sekanina (1984) in Comet Halley between October 1982 and February 1984 are discussed. It is shown that solar wind-modulated electrostatic dust blowoff from the night side of the comet is consistent with the observed brightness variations. The variations coincide with the encounter of high-speed streams with the comet. The stream's propagation time to the comet and the sun's rotation during this transit were used to locate the stream origin on the coronal surface, and the results are shown.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 9
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The transfer of radiation, solar and IR dust, in the cometary atmosphere is analyzed using a six-band radiative transfer model. The first five bands correlate with the strongest IR band of H2O and the sixth corresponds to the bulk of solar energy. The radiation field for each band is calculated as a function of the cometocentric distance using the three-stream approximation. It is observed that the mean intensity of the IR radiation field generated by the dust and the cometary nucleus drops from a very large value of about 40,000 erg/sq cm sec at the surface to 400 erg/sq cm sec at 7 km, rises to a peak value of 500 erg/sq cm sec at 100 km and then falls off monotonically. The causes of these changes in radiation field intensity are discussed. The effect of variation of the IR radiation field on the gas temperature is studied.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Halley plasma electron parameters from 2.7 million km from the comet nucleus to the bow shock wave at 1.1 million km and beyond are surveyed. The features of the electron foreshock lying outside the shock to a distance of 230,000 km are described. It is a region of intense solar wind-comet plasma interaction in which energetic electrons are prominent. Several spikes of electrons whose energies extend to 2.5 keV appear in front of the shock. These energetic electrons may be accelerated in the same way electrons are accelerated at the Earth's bow shock to energies of 1 to 10 keV. The direction of the electron bulk flow direction changes abruptly between 1920 and 1922 UT, and the flow speed begins a sharp decline at the same time. It is suggested that the spacecraft entered the bow shock wave between 1920 and 1922 UT. Electron density variations at Halley are very much smaller than those at Giacobini-Zinner.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 20th ESLAB Symposium on the Exploration of Halley's Comet. Volume 1: Plasma and Gas; p 259-261
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