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  • 1
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    Effect of solar proton events on the middle atmosphere during the past two solar cycles as computed using a two-dimensional model (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper investigates the effects of solar proton events (SPEs) on the middle atmosphere during the past two solar cycles (1963-1984), by examining changes in the production of odd nitrogen, NO(y), and ozone and using a proton energy degradation scheme to derive ion pair production rates. These calculations show that NO(y) is not substantially changed over a solar cycle by SPEs; significant SPEs last only 1-5 days, tend to occur near solar maximum, and are typically months to years apart, preventing a build up of SPE-produced NO(y). Fractional ozone changes are even smaller than the fractional NO(y) changes and are significant only for the August 1972 SPE. Ozone, like NO(y), returns to its ambient levels on time scales of several months to a year.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 95; 7417-742
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Effect of solar proton events in 1978 and 1979 on the odd nitrogen abundance in the middle atmosphere (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Daily average solar proton flux data for 1978 and 1979 are used in a proton energy degradation scheme to derive ion pair production rates and atomic nitrogen production rates. The latter are computed in a form suitable for inclusion in an atmopheric, two-dimensional, time-dependent photochemical model. Odd nitrogen distributions are computed from the model, including atomic nitrogen production from solar protons, and are compared with baseline distributions. The comparisons show that the average effect of the solar protons in 1978 and 1979 was to cause changes in odd nitrogen only above 10 mbar and at latitudes only above about 50 deg in both hemispheres. The influence of the solar proton-produced odd nitrogen on the local abundance of odd nitrogen depends primarily on the background odd nitrogen abundance as well as the altitude and season.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 7084-709
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  • 3
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    The effects of solar particle events on the middle atmosphere (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Solar particle events (SPEs) have been investigated since the late 1960's for possible effects on the middle atmosphere. Solar protons from SPEs produce ionizations, dissociations, dissociative ionizations, and excitations in the middle atmosphere. The production of HO(x) and NO(x) and their subsequent effects on ozone can also be computed using energy deposition and photochemical models. The effects of SPE-produced HO(x) species on the odd nitrogen abundance of the middle atmosphere as well as the SPE-produced long term effects on ozone. Model computations indicate fairly good agreement with ozone data for the SPE-induced ozone depletion caused by NO(y) species connected with the August 1972 SPE. The model computations indicate that NO(y) will not be substantially changed over a solar cycle by SPEs. The changes are mainly at high latitudes and are on time scales of several months, after which the NO(y) drifts back to its ambient levels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Volume 29. Part 1: Extended Abstracts, International Symposium on Solar Activity Forcing of the Middle Atmosphere. Part 2: MASH Workshop, Williamsburg, 1986; p 129-134
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Thermally driven diffusion of SO2 within the surface of Io (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2) on Io, together with the fact that the surface layer of Io has extremely high porosity, suggests the possibility of diffusion of this volatile within the surface, as well as exchange between the surface and an atmosphere. The former possibility is investigated through the development of a surface layer thermal model and subsequent calculations of the thermally driven diffusion flux of SO2 within the layer. The major factors affecting the diffusion process are the temperature and temperature gradient in the surface layer throughout the day, and the porosity and grain size in the surface layer. The results indicate that the net transport of SO2 in the near-surface region is downward into the subsurface, causing near-surface depletion of SO2. Near-surface depletion would result in a layer of reduced thermal inertia overlying the bulk of the surface, consistent with thermal eclipse observations of Io. For the present nominal model with 10-micron grains and a porosity of 85 percent, the peak net diurnal downward flux reaches nearly 0.008 g/sq cm per period.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 22
    Format: text
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