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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Spatially resolved infrared and ultraviolet wavelength spectra of Europa's leading, anti-jovian quadrant observed from the Galileo spacecraft show absorption features resulting from hydrogen peroxide. Comparisons with laboratory measurements indicate surface hydrogen peroxide concentrations of about 0.13 percent, by number, relative to water ice. The inferred abundance is consistent with radiolytic production of hydrogen peroxide by intense energetic particle bombardment and demonstrates that Europa's surface chemistry is dominated by radiolysis.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); Volume 283; 5410; 2062-4
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Near infrared reflectance spectra for the Aristachus region, obtained using the 2.2m UH telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatory, were reduced and analyzed. The spectra obtained for the central peak, southern floor, southwestern wall, eastern wall, and northwestern wall of Aristachus crater exhibit shallow continuum slopes, relatively strong feldspar bands, pyroxene bands stronger than those typically seen in the spectra of fresh higland features, and pyroxene band centers near l micrometer suggesting the dominance of Ca rich clinopyroxene. The spectrum of the south rim of Aristachus is quite distinct from those of other crater units. The position of Aristrchus on the plateau/mare boundary raises questions concerning compositional variations in crater ejects deposits.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 250-252
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The composition, structure and processes operating on the surfaces of solar system objects were determined using the Mauna Kea observing facilities and modern instrumentation. Reflectance spectroscopy and multispectral imaging in the 0.3 to 5.0 micrometers spectral region are the major techniques used. Major focus was in qualifying and using the new imaging spectrometer and the 2-D IR detectors for spectroscopy and imaging. The major observational program emphasis was on preparing for the next Mars opposition, and searching for compositional units in the lunar highlands.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 8-10
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  • 4
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-12
    Description: Double beam photoelectric filter photometer for simultaneous measurements of two astronomical objects, noting variable atmospheric extinction errors reduction
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ; YAL SOCIETY (
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-12
    Description: Spectral reflectivity differences of selected dark and bright regions of Mars observed with double beam photometer
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectral reflectance measurements were made of samples 72275,103 (chip) and 72275,98 (saw cuttings). Both the chips and the cuttings consist mainly of friable feldspathic breccia. Sample 72275,103, a chip taken from eastend piece 72275,27, is rich in gray polymict breccia. The saw cuttings were derived from the entire rock, but they are probably strongly biased toward the friable feldspathic matrix material that has been preferentially disaggregated. The spectra of both samples show two prominent absorption bands arising from Fe2(+) in pyroxene. The depths of these bands are large enough to preclude the presence of much glass or opaque material in the samples. From the spectral properties alone, it is clear that the samples are not soil breccias nor vitric breccias, as, of course, has been verified by petrography. The wavelengths of the principal absorption bands plot on the pyroxene trend, indicating that orthopyroxene is spectrally dominant.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 157-160
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Visible and near-infrared spectra of chemically analyzed grains of glass and minerals from the Luna 20 sample were compared with diffuse reflectance spectra of the bulk soil. As in the spectra of soil samples from other localities on the moon, pyroxene contributes two broad absorption features near 1 and 2 microns. The soil has a high integral reflectance (or albedo) arising from plagioclase, which appears to be the dominant mineral in the lunar highlands. The Luna 20 soil curve is most similar to the reflectance curves of the non-rayed soils at Apollo 16, in agreement with the generally similar mineralogy of these samples. The average pyroxene composition in the Luna 20 soil, as determined from the absorption bands in the diffuse reflectance spectra, and analyses of single crystals, is more calcic than in the lithic fragments. Thus, the soil appears to have a few per cent of admixed material derived from mare basalts. Comparison of the soil spectrum with telescopic curves of nearby areas reveals a close similarity.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Lunar Scout Missions (payload: x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, high-resolution stereocamera, neutron spectrometer, gamma-ray spectrometer, imaging spectrometer, gravity experiment) will provide a global data set for the chemistry, mineralogy, geology, topography, and gravity of the Moon. These data will in turn provide an important baseline for the further scientific exploration of the Moon by all-purpose landers and micro-rovers, and sample return missions from sites shown to be of primary interest from the global orbital data. These data would clearly provide the basis for intelligent selection of sites for the establishment of lunar base sites for long-term scientific and resource exploration and engineering studies. The two recent Galileo encounters with the Moon (December, 1990 and December, 1992) illustrate how modern technology can be applied to significant lunar problems. We emphasize the regional results of the Galileo SSI to show the promise of geologic unit definition and characterization as an example of what can be done with the global coverage to be obtained by the Lunar Scout Missions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 2: G-M; p 625-626
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Measurement strategies are now being planned for using the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) to observe the asteroid Hestia, and the nucleus, and the gas and dust in the coma of comet P/Tempel 2 as part of the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission. The spectral range of VIMS will cover wavelengths from 0.35 to 5.2 micrometers, with a spectral resolution of 11 nm from 0.35 to 2.4 micrometers and of 22 nm from 2.4 to 5.2 micrometers. The instantaneous field of view (IFOV) provided by the foreoptics is 0.5 milliradians, and the current design of the instrument provides for a scanning secondary mirror which will scan a swath of length 72 IFOVs. The CRAF high resolution scan platform motion will permit slewing VIMS in a direction perpendicular to the swath. This enables the building of a two dimensional image in any or all wavelength channels. Important measurements of the dust coma will include the onset of early coma activity, the mapping of gas and dust jets and correlations with active nucleus areas, observations of the dust coma from various scattering phase angles, coverage of the low wavelength portion of the thermal radiation, and the 3.4 micrometer hydrocarbon emission. A description of the VIMS instrument is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA, Washington, Infrared Observations of Comets Halley and Wilson and Properties of the Grains; p 136
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Ground-based telescopic reflectance spectra and analyses of Viking data have led to the conclusion that Martian surface fines are derived from a mafic to ultramafic source material, though the actual composition of these surface fines is still undetermined. A variety of possible compositions were proposed by several authors, however, with salts, particularly sulfates and carbonates, as important components in many of these models. Although salts are predicted components of the Martian surface, they are not identified in telescopic reflectance spectroscopic observations to date. One explanation for the absence of salts in these data is that they are not in quantities large enough to detect. This study was undertaken to determine the detectability of salts in various proposed Martian surface analog mixtures. This study concentrates on the carbonates and sulfate spectral features in the 2.5 to 25 micrometer spectral range because of recent work showing the usefulness of weak bands in the mid infrared for the remote sensing of particulate planetary surfaces. All measurements were made using a Nicolet 5SXC FTIR spectrometer with a bidirectional reflectance attachment, which uses an aluminum mirror as the background against which the sample is compared.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., MEVTV Workshop on Nature and Composition of Surface Units on Mars; p 129-131
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