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  • 1
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    Limb-darkening models from along-track operation of the ERBE scanning radiometer (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: During January and August 1985, the scanning radiometers of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment(ERBE) aboard the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and the NOAA-9 satellite were operated in along-track scanning modes. Along-track scanning permits the study of many measurement problems. It provides the data for developing a limb-darkening model for a single site over a short period of time and also permits the indentification of the scene from data taken at smaller nadir angles. The earth-emitted radiation measured by the scanners has been analyzed to produce limb-darkening models for a variety of scene types. Limb-darkening models relate the radiance in any given direction to the radiant flux. The scene types were computed using measurements within 10 deg of zenith. The models have values near zenith of 1.02-1.09. The typical zenith values of the model are 1.06 for both day and night for ERBS, and for NOAA-9, 1.06 for day and 1.05 for night. Mean models are formed for the ERBS and NOAA-9 results and are found to differ less than 1%, the ERBS results being the higher. The models vary about 1% with latitude near zenith and agree with earlier models that were used to analyze ERBE data typically to 2%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 33; 1; p. 74-84
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  • 2
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    Characterizations of the mirror attenuator mosaic - Solar diffuser plate (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The mirror attenuator mosaic (MAM), a solar diffuser plate, was used for the flight calibration of the broadband shortwave (0.2-5-microns) and total (0.2 to greater than 200-microns) Earth Radiation Budget Experiment scanning thermistor bolometer radiometers. The MAM solar-reflecting surface consisted of a tightly packed array of vacuum-deposited aluminum, concave spherical mirrors, while its solar-absorbing surface consisted of black chrome. The effective reflectance of the MAM was constant to within +/- 2 percent after almost 2 years in orbit, a marked improvement over earlier solar diffusers.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 31; 31; p. 6643-6652.
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  • 3
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    Elemental composition before, during and after the January 6, 1997, CME event measured by CELIAS/SOHO (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Using solar wind particle data from the charge, element and isotope analysis system (CELIAS) experiment on the SOHO mission, densities of the elements O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ca, and Fe are derived, and their abundance is analyzed before, during and after the 6 Janaury 1997 coronal mass ejection event (CME). In the interstream and coronal hole regions before and after this event, typical solar wind abundances for the elements investigated were found. However, during the passage of the coronal mass ejection and during the passage of the erupted filament, the elemental composition differed markedly from typical solar wind. For the passage of the CME and for the passage of the erupted filament, a mass-dependent enhancement of the elements was found, with a monotonic increase towards heavier elements. Si/O and Fe/O ratios of the order of one during these time periods were observed.
    Keywords: Solar Physics
    Type: Proceedings of the 31st ESALB Symposium on Correlated Phenomena at the Sun, in the Heliosphere and in Geospace; 395-400; ESA-SP-415
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  • 4
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    A perturbation calculation of the dynamical effects of cosmic rays and interstellar gas on the solar wind (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The modulation of galactic cosmic rays and other energetic particles by the solar wind produces a gradient in their pressure, which in turn influences the wind dynamics. The basic equations describing this interaction are presented in the 'hydrodynamic' approximation. A perturbation solution of the equations is presented for the case in which both the galactic cosmic ray pressure, and the pressure of the anomalous cosmic ray component accelerated at the wind termination shock, are small compared with the wind ram pressure. Analytical expressions for the deceleration of the wind and the modification of the shock and its location are derived in this case. These effects are estimated to have a relative magnitude of several percent in the solar wind. The interstellar neutral gas which penetrates the heliosphere is ionized, predominantly by photoionization and charge exchange with the wind, and may also have a significant dynamical effect on the wind. The basic equations describing this interaction are also presented, A perturbation solution is presented under the assumption that the mass loading and momentum-loading of the wind by the interstellar pickup ions is small compared with the wind ram pressure. Analytical expressions for the deceleration of the wind, the contribution of the pickup ions to the wind pressure, and the modification of the termination shock location are derived. Again, with the exception of pickup ion pressure which is large compared with solar wind thermal pressure, the effects are estimated to be several percent in relative magnitude in the solar wind.
    Keywords: Space Radiation
    Type: International Solar Wind 8 Conference; 109; NASA-CR-199940
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  • 5
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    A cavity type absorption cell for double resonance microwave spectroscopy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of an experimental dual resonant cavity absorption cell for observing microwave spectroscopic double-resonance effects. The device is composed of two Fabry-Perot interferometers excited by independent microwave sources and mounted at right angles in a suitable vacuum enclosure. The pumping transition is modulated by one source and the modulation induced on the rf absorption in the orthogonal cavity is detected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Apr. 197
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  • 6
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    Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 serine 307 correlates with JNK activity in atrophic skeletal muscle (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) has been shown to negatively regulate insulin signaling through serine phosphorylation of residue 307 within the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in adipose and liver tissue. Using a rat hindlimb suspension model for muscle disuse atrophy, we found that JNK activity was significantly elevated in atrophic soleus muscle and that IRS-1 was phosphorylated on Ser(307) prior to the degradation of the IRS-1 protein. Moreover, we observed a corresponding reduction in Akt activity, providing biochemical evidence for the development of insulin resistance in atrophic skeletal muscle.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: FEBS letters (ISSN 0014-5793); Volume 553; 1-2; 63-7
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  • 7
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    The glass transition, crystallization and melting in Au-Pb-Sb alloys (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The glass transition, crystallization and melting of Au(55)Pb(22.5)Sb(22.5) alloys have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry DSC. Crystallization on heating above the glass transition temperature Tg (45 C) begins at 64 C. Further crystallization events are observed at 172 C and 205 C. These events were found to correspond to the formation of the intermetallic compounds AuSb2, Au2Pb, and possibly AuPb2, respectively. Isothermal DSC scans of the glassy alloy above Tg were used to monitor the kinetics of crystallization. The solidification behavior and heat capacity in the glass-forming composition range were determined with droplet samples. An undercooling level of 0.3T(L) below the liquidus temperature T(L) was achieved, resulting in crystallization of different stable and metastable phases. The heat capacity C(P) of the undercooled liquid was measured over an undercooling range of 145 C.
    Keywords: METALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Materials Science and Engineering (ISSN 0025-5416); 97; 301-305
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  • 8
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    Formation of metallic and metallic-glass hollow spheres and their solidification characteristics (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Various metals and metallic glass systems have bene processed into hollow spheres with sizes ranging from 3 mm to 440 microns in diameter. The technique for the formation of the large hollow spheres, in general, is based on the fluid-dynamic instability of a hollow annular jet. A refined technique has also been developed for microshell formation, in which discrete bubbles are injected into the stream of the molten material and individually 'flushed' out at a frequency related to the Rayleigh jet instability. The surfaces of those spheres of all sizes exhibit a range of contrasting solidification behaviors and characteristics. Metal shells of varying materials, sizes, aspect ratios, sphericity and concentricity have many useful and novel applications.
    Keywords: CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS (GENERAL)
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  • 9
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    Electron-ion interaction and the Fermi surfaces of the alkali metals. (1969)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-12
    Description: Fermi surface data of alkali metals interpreted in terms of interaction between conduction electrons and ionic lattice for deducing partial wave phase shifts
    Keywords: PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND NUCLEAR
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 10
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    Acoustic levitating apparatus for submillimeter samples (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A hemispherical focusing radiator has been employed to generate ultrahigh intensity sound waves in a gaseous medium at the center of curvature of the radiator (focal point) at 75, 107, and 163 kHz. A volumetric force is produced by optimally placing a reflector in the vicinity of the focal point to levitate samples of submillimeter sizes. It has been demonstrated that a sample with a specific gravity of 19.3 can be levitated with this apparatus. The lateral positional wandering of the sample in the force well is estimated at less than 5% of the dimension of the sample size used.
    Keywords: ENGINEERING (GENERAL)
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 53; June 198
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