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  • 1
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    The Apollo Medical Operations Project: Recommendations to Improve Crew Health and Performance for Future Exploration Missions and Lunar Surface Operations (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Medical requirements for the future Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM), advanced Extravehicular Activity (EVA) suits and Lunar habitat are currently being developed. Crews returning to the lunar surface will construct the lunar habitat and conduct scientific research. Inherent in aggressive surface activities is the potential risk of injury to crewmembers. Physiological responses and the operational environment for short forays during the Apollo lunar missions were studied and documented. Little is known about the operational environment in which crews will live and work and the hardware will be used for long-duration lunar surface operations. Additional information is needed regarding productivity and the events that affect crew function such as a compressed timeline. The Space Medicine Division at the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) requested a study in December 2005 to identify Apollo mission issues relevant to medical operations that had impact to crew health and/or performance. The operationally oriented goals of this project were to develop or modify medical requirements for new exploration vehicles and habitats, create a centralized database for future access, and share relevant Apollo information with the multiple entities at NASA and abroad participating in the exploration effort.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Comprehensive analysis of chemical and biological problems associated with browning agents used in aquatic studies (2021)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: Inland waters receive and process large amounts of colored organic matter from the terrestrial surroundings. These inputs dramatically affect the chemical, physical, and biological properties of water bodies, as well as their roles as global carbon sinks and sources. However, manipulative studies, especially at ecosystem scale, require large amounts of dissolved organic matter with optical and chemical properties resembling indigenous organic matter. Here, we compared the impacts of two leonardite products (HuminFeed and SuperHume) and a freshly derived reverse osmosis concentrate of organic matter in a set of comprehensive mesocosm‐ and laboratory‐scale experiments and analyses. The chemical properties of the reverse osmosis concentrate and the leonardite products were very different, with leonardite products being low and the reverse osmosis concentrate being high in carboxylic functional groups. Light had a strong impact on the properties of leonardite products, including loss of color and increased particle formation. HuminFeed presented a substantial impact on microbial communities under light conditions, where bacterial production was stimulated and community composition modified, while in dark potential inhibition of bacterial processes was detected. While none of the browning agents inhibited the growth of the tested phytoplankton Gonyostomum semen, HuminFeed had detrimental effects on zooplankton abundance and Daphnia reproduction. We conclude that the effects of browning agents extracted from leonardite, particularly HuminFeed, are in sharp contrast to those originating from terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter. Hence, they should be used with great caution in experimental studies on the consequences of terrestrial carbon for aquatic systems.
    Description: Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship
    Description: Swedish Research Council Formas http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001862
    Description: Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004063
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; ddc:550.724
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 3
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    Dispersive and reflected tsunami signals from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami observed on hydrophones and seismic stations (2005)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 32, no. 17, pp. 1125, pp. L17606, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Dispersion ; Tsunami(s) ; Banda ; Aceh ; Earthquake ; Indonesia ; GRL ; 4564 ; Oceanography: ; Physical: ; Tsunamis ; and ; storm ; surges ; 4594 ; Physical: ; Instruments ; and ; techniques ; 1 ; mHz ; to ; 25 ; mHz ; 7215 ; Seismology: ; Earthquake ; source ; observations ; (1240) ; 9340 ; Geographic ; Location: ; Indian ; Ocean
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Shear failure and impact resistance in graphite fiber laminates (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The multispan beam (MSB) test was evaluated as a predictor of damage resistance and damage tolerance in quasi-isotropic graphite laminates. Materials studied were five commercial prepreg system using high-strain and intermediate-modulus carbon fibers, as well as an amorphous thermoplastic system. Failure loads and displacements in the MSB tests showed little rate dependence. Values of compressive strength after a standard low-velocity impact correlated fairly well with the MSB results.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: Journal of Composites Technology & Research (ISSN 0885-6804); 14; 4; p. 231-234.
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Archiving the FIFE data on CD-ROM (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: FIFE (first ISLSCP field experiment) is a land surface climatology project consisting of a series of field compaigns conducted in Kansas from 1987 to 1989. The authors describe the process of designing the FIFE prototype CD-ROM including data file structure and directory structure, the image compression and expansion software used, and the user interface software developed.
    Keywords: DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 65-67.
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Compensation for 6.5 K cryogenic distortion of a fused quartz mirror by refiguring (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A 46 cm diameter, lightweight, Amersil TO8E, fused-natural-quartz mirror with a single-arch cross section was tested at the NASA-Ames Research Center Cryogenic Optical Test Facility to measure its cryogenic distortion at 6.5 K. Then the mirror was refigured with the inverse of the measured cryogenic distortion to compensate for this figure defect. The mirror was retested at 6.5 K and found to have a significantly improved figure. The compensation for cryogenic distortion was not complete, but preliminary analysis indicates that the compensation was better than 0.25 waves P-V if edge effects are ignored. The feasibility of compensating for cryogenic distortion by refiguring has thus been verified.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: In: Cryogenic optical systems and instruments V; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 23, 24, 1992 (A93-28226 10-19); p. 5-10.
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Earth observations during Space Shuttle Flight STS-46: Atlantis' Mission to Planet Earth (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The photographic and videographic documentation of the Earth during STS-46 mission has enhanced the Space Shuttle Earth Observations Project (SSEOP) database. Increasing numbers of scientists are using this database; many are downloading the imagery from our electronic database for specific scientific analyses. We believe the scientific returns of the Earth Observations photography from this mission will add to the global change databases and will contribute to the better understanding of our home planet. The use of manned space flights in understanding the global process first hand is a vital component in NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. The following are discussed along with photographs from the mission: landforms and geologic observation; environmental observations; meteorological/atmospheric observation; and oceanographic observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geocarto (ISSN 1010-6049); 8; 3; p. 67-80
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Model reduction for systems with integrators (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The reduction algorithm for systems with integrators is derived. The algorithm is based on balancing the antigrammians and has the same computational effectiveness as the regular balancing procedure. It was applied to the reduction of the NASA Deep Space Network antenna model. As a result, the 90-state model has been reduced to a 27-state model, which preserves the full-model properties.
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 15; 5, Se
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Renal Stone Risk During Space Flight (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Space flight produces a number of metabolic and physiological changes in the crewmembers exposed to microgravity. Following launch, body fluid volumes, electrolyte levels, and bone and muscle undergo changes as the human body adapts to the weightless environment. Changes in the urinary chemical composition may lead to the potentially serious consequences of renal stone formation. Previous data collected immediately after space flight indicate changes in the urine chemistry favoring an increased risk of calcium oxalate and uric acid stone formation (n = 323). During short term Shuttle space flights, the changes observed include increased urinary calcium and decreased urine volume, pH and citrate resulting in a greater risk for calcium oxalate and brushite stone formation (n = 6). Results from long duration Shuttle/Mir missions (n = 9) followed a similar trend and demonstrated decreased fluid intake and urine volume and increased urinary calcium resulting in a urinary environment saturated with the calcium stone-forming salts. The increased risk occurs rapidly upon exposure to microgravity, continues throughout the space flight and following landing. Dietary factors, especially fluid intake, or pharmacologic intervention can significantly influence the urinary chemical composition. Increasing fluid intake to produce a daily urine output of 2 liters/day may allow the excess salts in the urine to remain in solution, crystals formation will not occur and a renal stone will not develop. Results from long duration crewmembers (n = 2) who had urine volumes greater than 2.5 L/day minimized their risk of renal stone formation. Also, comparisons of stone-forming risk in short duration crewmembers clearly identified greater risk in those who produced less than 2 liters of urine/day. However, hydration and increased urine output does not correct the underlying calcium excretion due to bone loss and only treats the symptoms and not the cause of the increased urinary salts. Dietary modification and promising pharmacologic treatments may also be used to reduce the potential risk for renal stone formation. Potassium citrate is being used clinically to increase the urinary inhibitor levels to minimize the development of crystals and the growth of renal stones. Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs recently shown to help in patients with osteoporosis by inhibiting the loss of bones in elderly patients. This drug could potentially prevent the bone loss observed in astronauts and thereby minimize the increase in urinary calcium and reduce the risk for renal stone development. Results of NASA's renal stone risk assessment program clearly indicate that exposure to microgravity changes the urinary chemical environment such that there is an increased risk for supersaturation of stone-forming salts, including calcium oxalaie and brushite. These studies have indicated specific avenues for development of countermeasures for the increased renal stone risk observed during and following space flight. Increased hydration and implementation of pharmacologic countermeasures should largely mitigate the in-flight risk of renal stones.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Proceedings of the First Biennial Space Biomedical Investigators' Workshop; 242
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Yaw Motion Cues in Helicopter Simulation (1996)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: A piloted simulation that examined the effects of yaw motion cues on pilot-vehicle performance, pilot workload, and pilot motion perception was conducted on the NASA Ames Vertical Motion Simulator. The vehicle model that was used represented an AH-64 helicopter. Three tasks were performed in which only combinations of vehicle yaw and vertical displacement were allowed. The commands issued to the motion platform were modified to present the following four motion configurations for a pilot located forward of the center of rotation: (1) only the linear translations, (2) only the angular rotation, (3) both the linear translations and the angular rotation, and (4) no motion. The objective data indicated that pilot-vehicle performance was reduced and the necessary control activity increased when linear motion was removed; however, the lack of angular rotation did not result in a measured degradation for almost all cases. Also, pilots provided subjective assessments of their compensation required, the motion fidelity, and their judgment of whether or not linear or rotational cockpit motion was present. Ratings of compensation and fidelity were affected only by linear acceleration, and the rotational motion had no significant impact. Also, when only linear motion was present, pilots typically reported the presence of rotation. Thus, linear acceleration cues, not yaw rotational cues, appear necessary to simulate hovering flight.
    Keywords: Behavioral Sciences
    Format: text
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