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  • 1
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    Monthly mean global satellite data sets available in CCM history tape format (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Satellite data for climate monitoring have become increasingly important over the past decade, especially with increasing concern for inadvertent antropogenic climate change. Although most satellite based data are of short record, satellites can provide the global coverage that traditional meteorological observations network lack. In addition, satellite data are invaluable for the validation of climate models, and they are useful for many diagnostic studies. Herein, several satellite data sets were processed and transposed into 'history tape' format for use with the Community Climate Model (CCM) modular processor. Only a few of the most widely used and best documented data sets were selected at this point, although future work will expand the number of data sets examined as well as update the archived data sets. An attempt was made to include data of longer record and only monthly averaged data were processed. For studies using satellite data over an extended period, it is important to recognize the impact of changes in instrumentation, drift in instrument calibration, errors introduced by retrieval algorithms and other sources of errors such as those resulting from insufficient space and/or time sampling.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA-CR-190344 , NAS 1.26:190344 , NCAR/TN-371+STR , PB92-186121
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  • 2
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    Observational and modeling study of the maintenance of short-term subtropical wind maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The findings of the earlier observational work of Hurrel and Vincent (1990) are substantiated using a recent version of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres fourth-order general circulation model. The observed heating and subtropical zonal flow structure over the South Pacific is reproduced by a control integration with full model physics, for the period of 6-20 January 1979. A subtropical westerly maximum observed over the central South Pacific is found to be highly correlated to enhancements of poleward-moving divergent outflow from tropical heat sources. The divergent meridional flow accounted for much of the total ageostrophic meridional wind in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics, and, consequently, resulted in strong Coriolis accelerations in the entrance regions westerly maxima.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ; : Strong shock waves
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  • 3
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    Northern vs. Southern Hemisphere energy conversions in January 1979 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The methodology applied by Huang and Vincent (1985) for the diagnosis of the zonal and eddy energy conversions in the Southern Hemisphere was used to diagnose the energetics of the Northern Hemisphere for the same period (i.e., January 10-27, 1979). It was found that, in both hemispheres, the larger synoptic-scale waves are important in the AZ-AE-KE conversion. However, in the Northern Hemisphere, the long waves make the most significant contribution to this conversion cycle, whereas in the Southern Hemispere, the intermediate waves dominate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 4
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    Comparison between the South Pacific Convergence Zone and South Atlantic Convergence Zone in January 1979 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Using one of the FGGE data sets, the eddy potential and eddy kinetic energy budgets during the period of January 10-27, 1979 were derived for the regions containing the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. A complete set of energy equations developed by Brennan and Vincent (1980) was partitioned into zonal and eddy components; the eddy forms of energy were derived from a grid point's departure from the zonal average over a 5-deg latitude belt. The results of the analysis indicate that the eddy kinetic energy content (KE) is greater than the eddy available potential energy content (AE) throughout the period. Both AE and KE show large losses beginning when the SPCZ enters a decaying state: AE shows a gradual but slow decrease until after January 22, when it decreases rapidly; KE oscillates, reaching a maximum on January 22 before a rapid decrease.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 5
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    Dynamics and energetics of the South Pacific Convergence Zone during FGGE SOP-1 and South Pacific Convergence Zone and global-scale (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Significant accomplishments (papers published, conference presentations, and education degrees) are presented. The focus of the current research is outlined. Plans for the coming year are discussed briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA(MSFC FY88 Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Research Program Review; p 23-26
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  • 6
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    A GCM case study on the maintenance of short-term subtropical wind maxima in the summer hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In order to substantiate earlier findings of pronounced short-term deviations in Southern Hemisphere tropical convection during the first Special Observing Period (SOP-1) of FGGE, the hypothesis that the observed summertime subtropical wind maxima were strengthened by episodes of enhanced tropical divergence is numerically tested using a fourth-order GCM. FGGE observational data for January 6-20, 1979 suggested that strong convection over the South Pacific helped to maintain a nearby subtropical jet. The dominant term in the zonal momentum budget was the Coriolis force applied to the diabatically driven meridional circulation. The present GCM study simulates these processes to a reasonable degree of accuracy. Experimental reduction of the latent energy supplied to the GCM is used to substantiate that summertime subtropical westerly maxima are largely forced by divergent outflow from the tropics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 118; 503
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  • 7
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    On the maintenance of short-term subtropical wind maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The extent to which divergent circulations, induced by tropical heating, help to maintain westerly maxima in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics during the SOP-1 of FGGE is explored using Level III-b analyses from the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres. The contribution of the divergent wind component to the total ageostrophic flow in the subtropics is examined, as are the roles of other forcing terms in the localized Eliassen-Palm (1961) flux zonal momentum equation. Throughout the summertime subtropics, it is generally found that the dominant term in the zonal momentum budget is the Coriolis force applied to the diabatically driven meridional circulation. The largest positive tendencies due to this term are found in the entrance regions of the subtropical westerly maxima, and divergent circulations account for nearly all of the total ageostrophic flow. In the SPCZ region, however, it is found that transient eddies play an important role by partially offsetting the strong Coriolis acceleration in the entrance region of the local jet, and they help accelerate the westerly flow in the exit region through both barotropic and baroclinic processes. Energetically, the dominant term in the rotational kinetic energy budget throughout the subtropical belt is the conversion of divergent to rotational kinetic energy. The evidence supports the view that tropical heating in transient events drives or enhances local meridional overturning in the atmosphere, which, in turn, strengthens the summer subtropical westerly jet stream.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 4; 1009-102
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  • 8
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    An evaluation of monthly mean MSU and ECMWF global atmospheric temperatures for monitoring climate (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The usefulness of global satellite sounding data for monitoring climate was assessed by comparing monthly mean brightness temperature anomalies derived from channel 2 of the microwave sounding units (MSUs) on board NOAA satellites over the past decade with both weighted and pressure-level ECMWF monthly mean temperatures for 96 months from 1982 to 1989. Results show that very good agreement exists between the MSU and the weighted ECMWF temperatures over the period considered, with grid-point correlations exceeding 0.85. Comparisons with individual pressure-level temperatures from ECMWF showed high correlations at 300 mb over most of the globe.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755); 5; 12; p. 1424-1440.
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  • 9
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    Significance of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) in the energy budget of the Southern Hemisphere tropics (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An in-depth investigation of the energetics, including boundary transports, was conducted on four equal-area regions in the tropical Southern Hemisphere during the SOP-1 period in 1979. The regions, each approximately centered on one of the wave axes of maximum warm rising air, include the SPCZ (115 deg W - 155 deg E) and the Australian (155-65 deg E), the African (65 deg E - 25 deg W), and the South American (25-115 deg W) regions. Daily variations of the energy conversions were examined, and time-averaged result of energy contents, conversions, and boundary transports were compiled for January 10-27. Results show that the eddy kinetic energy (KE) exceeds the eddy available potential energy (AE) in all four regions, with the largest excess being in the SPCZ. Of the conversion and flux terms, only the conversion of AE to KE is significant (again, with the greatest value in the SPCZ). An evaluation of boundary fluxes of KE indicates that the only significant transport between regions is a flow of KE from the SPCZ region into the South American region.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1797-180
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  • 10
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    Relationship Between Intraseasonal Oscillation and Subtropical Wind Maxima Over the South Pacific Ocean (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The significance of tropical heat sources on higher latitude jet streams has been examined by numerous investigators. Hurrell and Vincent (1990) provide a summary of many of these investigations in their observational case study of the relationship between tropical heating and subtropical wind maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE. They showed that the divergent outflow from tropical heating associated with the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), acted on by the coriolis force, was an important factor in maintaining the subtropical jet on the poleward side of the SPCZ during the period, 6-20 January 1979. They found a similar, but weaker relationship, over the southern Indian Ocean from 3-17 February 1979, a period when the SPCZ heating was greatly reduced and the jet was essentially non-existent. Since their findings were based on a case study and involved the use of the highly-specialized FGGE data set, the natural questions which arose were: (1) Is this relationship a regular feature of the circulation over the South Pacific? and, (2) If so, can it be detected with a routine data set? Another question posed by Hurrell and Vincent in their papers was:(3) How important was the intraseasonal oscillation in causing the enhanced heating and divergent outflow in the Pacific Ocean in January and southern Indian Ocean in February? The purpose of the present paper is to address the answer to these three questions. To accomplish this, some circulation features for an entire warm season in the Southern Hemisphere were examined. The year selected was 1984-85, and the warm season consisted of the 6-month period, 1 November 1984 - 30 April 1985. This period was chosen because there were numerous cases of the westerly wind maxima over the South Pacific and the intraseasonal oscillation was well documented.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: NASA-CR-204114 , NAS 1.26:204114 , Fifth Conference on Climate Variations; 240-243|Climate Variations; Oct 14, 1991 - Oct 18, 1991; Denver, CO; United States
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