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  • Other Sources  (47)
  • 1
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    Report of the IAU/IAG/COSPAR working group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites - 1988 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (ISSN 0923-2958); 46; 2, 19
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  • 2
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    History of satellite missions and measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget (1957-1984) (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The history of satellite missions and their measurements of the earth radiation budget from the beginning of the space age until the present time are reviewed. The survey emphasizes the early struggle to develop instrument systems to monitor reflected shortwave and emitted long-wave exitances from the earth, and the problems associated with the interpretation of these observations from space. In some instances, valuable data sets were developed from satellite measurements whose instruments were not specifically designed for earth radiation budget observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 24; 357-377
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  • 3
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    A history of presatellite investigations of the earth's radiation budget (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The history of radiation budget studies from the early twentieth century to the advent of the space age is reviewed. By the beginning of the 1960's, accurate radiative models had been developed capable of estimating the global and zonally averaged components of the radiation budget, though great uncertainty in the derived parameters existed due to inaccuracy of the data describing the physical parameters used in the model, associated with clouds, the solar radiation, and the gaseous atmospheric absorbers. Over the century, the planetary albedo estimates had reduced from 89 to 30 percent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 8755-1209); 24; 351-356
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  • 4
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    Laboratory simulation of absorption spectra in cloudy atmospheres (1971)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Laboratory analog simulation of absorption line spectra in cloudy planetary atmospheres, comparing with computational model based on plane parallel atmosphere
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY
    Type: ; 331-335. (
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  • 5
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    Height variations of Venusian clouds (1971)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Height variations of Venusian cloud tops at planet equatorial and polar regions
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; TROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
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  • 6
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    Laboratory simulation of diffuse reflectivity from a cloudy planetary atmosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For the first time measurements in the multiple scattering regime of the diffuse reflectivity as a function of single scattering albedo have been made in a geometry that may be simulated by a plane parallel atmosphere of large optical depth. A comparison between the measurements and a theoretical computation of the diffuse reflectivity is presented. The measurements are within 1% agreement with the theoretical calculations for two different sizes of scattering particles which are larger than and smaller than the wavelength of the incident light, corresponding to the Mie and Rayleigh regimes, respectively.
    Keywords: FACILITIES, RESEARCH, AND SUPPORT
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; May 1972
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  • 7
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    Formation of spectral lines in a planetary atmosphere. II - Spectroscopic evidence for the structure of the visible Venus clouds. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We demonstrate in this article that there is spectroscopic evidence for the structure of the visible Venus cloud layers. From physically realistic models of the lower Venus atmosphere, we have shown that only observations of the phase variations of the CO2 bands in the Venus spectrum can provide the information for a unique identification of the structure of the cloud layers. It is proved that Venus cannot have a single dense cloud layer, but must have two scattering layers; a thin aerosol layer situated in the lower stratosphere, overlying a dense cloud deck. The aerosol plays an important role in the scattering of radiation, so that its identification provides an explanation of the reflecting layer-scattering model controversy for the interpretation of spectra formed in a cloudy planetary atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 12; Mar. 197
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  • 8
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    Formation of spectral lines in planetary atmospheres. I - Theory for cloudy atmospheres: Application to Venus. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The theory of the formation of spectral lines in a cloudy planetary atmosphere is studied in detail. It is shown that models based upon homogeneous, isotropically scattering atmospheres cannot be used to reproduce observed spectroscopic features of phase effect and the shape of spectral lines for weak and strong bands. The theory must, therefore, be developed using an inhomogeneous (gravitational) model of a planetary atmosphere, accurately incorporating all the physical processes of radiative transfer. Such a model of the lower Venus atmosphere, consistent with our present knowledge, is constructed. The results discussed in this article demonstrate the effects of the parameters that describe the atmospheric model on the spectroscopic features of spectral line profile and phase effect, at visible and near infrared wavelengths. This information enables us to develop a comprehensive theory of line formation in a Venus atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 12; Mar. 197
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  • 9
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    An intercalibration of Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 visible and infrared measurements (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An intercomparison between radiative parameters determined from visible and infrared channels of the Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 geosynchronous satellites has been carried out using data obtained over the central Atlantic Ocean for 5 November 1978. Hourly visible-infrared measurement pairs at a nominal resolution of 5 km (Meteosat) or 8 km (GOES) have been stored in 1 deg x 1 deg longitude-latitude regions. For the infrared intercomparisons, the GOES 11.5 micron radiance has been compared to Meteosat infrared counts. The scatter in partly cloudy regions is interpreted as being caused by meteorological differences arising from differences in measurement time between the two data sets. For the visible intercomparison, the GOES measurements for clear and cloudy scenes have first been converted with the aid of scene-dependent angular reflectance and albedo models to estimates of the filtered shortwave radiance that GOES would have measured had it been in the Meteosat position. This value has then been compared to Meteosat counts for the shortwave channel. The results indicate that earlier Meteosat calibrations made from airplane overflights of a limited variety of surfaces are applicable to much larger areas of cloud and ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 283-286
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  • 10
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    Venus cloud cover. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that the presence of a cloud free region on Venus is not necessary for explaining the upward and downward atmospheric motions suggested by Goody and Robinson (1966) in the Venusian atmosphere. Considerations are given in support of the assumption that the cloud cover on Venus may be solid.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 238; July 3
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