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  • 1
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    Suppression of human anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA with elevation of proinflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma during the isolation of the Antarctic winter (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Cellular immune function has been shown to be decreased and latent virus shedding to be increased in human beings isolated during the Antarctic winter, a model used for assessing some effects of space flight. However, the balance of proinflammatory (IFN-gamma) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-1RA) cytokines has not previously been evaluated. We therefore sought to determine whether isolation during the Antarctic winter would alter the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance. Cytokine levels were measured with ELISA in monthly plasma samples from January through September 1999 in 21 study subjects in the Antarctic and 7 control subjects on Macquarie Island. There was a significant time-dependent increase in plasma IFN-gamma (P =.039) as well as decreases in IL-10 (P =.042) and IL-1RA (P =.053) in the study subjects compared with the control subjects. The study subjects also had significantly increased plasma IFN-gamma levels (P 〈 or =.045) but decreased IL-10 and IL-1RA levels (P 〈 or =.036) at individual time points of isolation. Isolation of human beings in the Antarctic appears to shift the plasma cytokine balance toward a proinflammatory profile. These observations are consistent with T-cell activation that might be due to activation of latent viruses, and they could hold importance for determining the risks of space flight.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (ISSN 0091-6749); Volume 109; 5; 854-7
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  • 2
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    Sensitivity analysis of discrete systems (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A selection is presented of methods used in the calculation of sensitivity derivatives of behavior and response of discretely modeled structure. Attention is given to methods for the selection of finite-difference step sizes for structural constraint derivatives, and techniques for finite difference derivatives in iteratively-solved problems. Also noted are methods for sensitivity of linear static response, and methods for second derivatives of structural response, derivatives of stresses, and nonlinear response; an emerging area of interest concerns the derivatives of transient response.
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: ; : Annual review of e
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  • 3
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    Sensitivity of discrete systems (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Sensitivity techniques are examined for structures discretized by finite element analysis. The discussion covers finite difference sensitivities, sensitivity of static response, sensitivity of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, sensitivity of linear transient response, and an example of use of transient sensitivity.
    Keywords: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    Type: In: Optimization of large structural systems; Proceedings of the NATO(DFG Advanced Study Institute, Berchtesgaden, Germany, Sept. 23-Oct. 4, 1991. Vol. 1 (A93-54501 24-39); p. 289-311.
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  • 4
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    Study Design to Test the Hypothesis That Long-Term Space Travel Harms the Human and Animal Immune Systems (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The potential threat of immunosuppression and abnormal inflammatory responses in long-term space travel, leading to unusual predilection for opportunistic infections, malignancy, and death, is of ma or concern to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Program. This application has been devised to seek answers to questions of altered immunity in space travel raised by previous investigations spanning 30-plus years. We propose to do this with the help of knowledge gained by the discovery of the molecular basis of many primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases and by application of molecular and genetic technology not previously available. Two areas of immunity that previously received little attention in space travel research will be emphasized: specific antibody responses and non-specific inflammation and adhesion. Both of these areas of research will not only add to the growing body of information on the potential effects of space travel on the immune system, but be able to delineate any functional alterations in systems important for antigen presentation, specific immune memory, and cell:cell and cell:endothelium interactions. By more precisely defining molecular dysfunction of components of the immune system, it is hoped that targeted methods of prevention of immune damage in space could be devised.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Proceedings of the First Biennial Space Biomedical Investigators' Workshop; 351-353
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  • 5
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    Integrated multidisciplinary rotorcraft optimization research at the NASA Langley Research Center (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: NASA-Langley and U.S. Army researchers have developed optimization procedures for improving helicopter rotor blade design processes through more extensive integration of the requisite disciplines. These disciplines encompass rotor aerodynamics, rotor dynamics, rotor structures, airframe dynamics, and acoustics. In the first phase of this integrated optimization approach, acoustics and airframe aerodynamics are decoupled and accounted for as effective constraints on the design for the first three disciplines. In phase two, acoustics is integrated with the first three disciplines; in phase three, airframe dynamics are integrated with the other four disciplines. Representative results are presented from recent work on blade shear force reduction and aerodynamic/dynamic optimization.
    Keywords: AERONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Vertiflite (ISSN 0042-4455); 38; 45-52
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  • 6
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    Integrated multidisciplinary design optimization of rotorcraft (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 22-28
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  • 7
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    Differential equation based method for accurate modal approximations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 484-486
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  • 8
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    Effect of sensor and actuator errors on static shape control for large space structures (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analytical study was performed to predict and assess the effect of actuator and sensor errors on the performance of a shape control procedure for flexible space structures using applied temperatures. Approximate formulas were derived for the expected value and variance of the rms distortion ratio (ratio of rms distortions with and without corrections) based on the assumption of zero-mean normally distributed random errors in measured distortions and actuator output temperatures. Studies were carried out for a 55-meter radiometer antenna reflector distorted from its ideal parabolic shape by nonuniform orbital heating. The first study consisted of varying the sensor and actuator errors for the case of 12 actuators and computing the distortion ratio. In the second study, sensor and actuator errors were prescribed and the effect of increasing the number of actuators was evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 134-138
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  • 9
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    On the VLSI design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder using systolic arrays (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new very large scale integration (VLSI) design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder is presented. The transform decoding technique used in a previous article is replaced by a time domain algorithm through a detailed comparison of their VLSI implementations. A new architecture that implements the time domain algorithm permits efficient pipeline processing with reduced circuitry. Erasure correction capability is also incorporated with little additional complexity. By using multiplexing technique, a new implementation of Euclid's algorithm maintains the throughput rate with less circuitry. Such improvements result in both enhanced capability and significant reduction in silicon area.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Computers (ISSN 0018-9340); 37; 1273-128
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  • 10
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    Optimal placement of tuning masses for vibration reduction in helicopter rotor blades (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 28; 309-315
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