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  • 1
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    Impact of space on science (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The advent of the capability to conduct space-based measurements has revolutionized the study of the Earth, the planetary system and the astrophysical universe. The resultant knowledge has yielded insights into the management of our planet's resources and provides intellectual enrichment for our civilization. New investigation techniques hold promise for extending the scope of space science to address topics in fundamental physics such as gravitational waves and certain aspects of Einstein's Theory of General Relativity.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: British Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN 0007-094X); 46; 11; p. 431-438
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Radar Interferometric and Penetration Investigations using SIR-C Data (1996)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Progress, significant results, publications and future plans are discussed in relation to the following objectives: (1) To model, experimentally characterize, and verify penetration phenomena in hyperarid and vegetated regions using the SIR-C/X-SAR multiparameter radar system and groundbased receivers; (2) To invert measured radar backscatter as a function of frequency and polarization in terms of geophysical parameters of the surface, subsurface and vegetation canopy such as surface roughness, subsurface geomorphology, or tree height and density; and (3) To display subsurface and within-canopy features in an image format, thus easing the interpretability of the results.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Science Results from the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR): Progress Report; 228-230; NASA/CR-97-206707
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Venus volcanism - Initial analysis from Magellan data (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Magellan images confirm that volcanism is widespread and has been fundamentally important in the formation and evolution of the crust of Venus. High-resolution imaging data reveal evidence for intrusion (dike formation and cryptodomes) and extrusion (a wide range of lava flows). Also observed are thousands of small shield volcanoes, larger edifices up to several hundred kilometers in diameter, massive outpourings of lavas, and local pyroclastic deposits. Although most features are consistent with basaltic compositions, a number of large pancake-like domes are morphologically similar to rhyolite-dacite domes on earth. Flows and sinuous channels with lengths of many hundreds of kilometers suggest that extremely high effusion rates or very fluid magmas (perhaps komantiites) may be present. Volcanism is evident in various tectonic settings (coronae, linear extensional and compressional zones, mountain belts, upland rises, highland plateaus, and tesserae). Volcanic resurfacing rates appear to be low (less than 2 cu km/yr) but the significance of dike formation and intrusions, and the mode of crustal formation and loss remain to be established.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 252; 276-288
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Cassini Titan Radar Mapper (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper is a multimode radar instrument designed to probe the optically inaccessible surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. The instrument is to be included in the payload of the Cassini Saturn Mission, scheduled for launch in 1995. The individual modes of Cassini Radar Mapper will allow topographic mapping and surface imaging at few hundred meters resolution. The requirements that lay behind the design are briefly discussed, and the configuration and capability of the instrument are described. The present limited knowledge of Titan's surface and the measurement requirements imposed on the radar instrument are addressed. Also discussed are the Cassini mission and the projected orbits, which imposed another set of design constraints that led to the multitude of modes and to an unconventional antenna configuration. The antenna configuration and the different radar modes are described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: IEEE, Proceedings (ISSN 0018-9219); 79; 867-880
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  • 5
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    Spaceborne imaging radar on EOS (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A multiparameter synthetic aperture imaging radar is planned as a facility instrument for the Earth Orbiting System (EOS). This sensor will operate at L, C, and X and at all possible polarizations (HH, VV, HV, VH), thus allowing the acquisition of detailed information about the surface physical and electrical properties. When combined with the visible and IR imaging spectrometry data and the surface topography, a full description of the surface structure, composition, thermal properties and physical properties could then be extracted.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    On the optimum polarizations of incoherently reflected waves (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Stokes scattering operator is noted to be the most useful characterization of incoherent scattering in radar imaging; the polarization that would yield an optimum amount of power received from the scatterer is obtained by assuming a knowledge of the Stokes scattering operator instead of the 2x2 scattering matrix with complex elements. It is thereby possible to find the optimum polarizations for the case in which the scatterers can only be fully characterized by their Stokes scattering operator, and the case in which the scatterer can be fully characterized by the complex 2x2 scattering matrix. It is shown that the optimum polarizations reported in the literature form the solution for a subset of a more general class of problems, so that six optimum polarizations can exist for incoherent scattering.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (ISSN 0018-926X); AP-35; 818-825
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Multifrequency and multipolarization radar scatterometry of sand dunes and comparison with spaceborne and airborne radar images (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Airborne radar scatterometer data on sand dunes, acquired at multiple frequencies and polarizations, are reported. Radar backscatter from sand dunes is very sensitive to the imaging geometry. At small incidence angles the radar return is mainly due to quasi-specular reflection from dune slopes favorably oriented toward the radar. A peak return usually occurs at the incidence angle equal to the angle of repose for the dunes. The peak angle is the same at all frequencies as computed from specular reflection theory. At larger angles the return is significantly weaker. The scatterometer measurements verified observations made with airborne and spaceborne radar images acquired over a number of dune fields in the U.S., central Africa, and the Arabian peninsula. The imaging geometry constraints indicate that possible dunes on other planets, such as Venus, will probably not be detected in radar images unless the incidence angle is less than the angles of repose of such dunes and the radar look direction is approximately orthogonal to the dune trends.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 7877-788
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Introduction to the physics and techniques of remote sensing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This book presents a comprehensive overview of the basics behind remote-sensing physics, techniques, and technology. The physics of wave/matter interactions, techniques of remote sensing across the electromagnetic spectrum, and the concepts behind remote sensing techniques now established and future ones under development are discussed. Applications of remote sensing are described for a wide variety of earth and planetary atmosphere and surface sciences. Solid surface sensing across the electromagnetic spectrum, ocean surface sensing, basic principles of atmospheric sensing and radiative transfer, and atmospheric remote sensing in the microwave, millimeter, submillimeter, and infrared regions are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Spaceborne imaging radar research in the 1990s - An overview (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Research and proposed experiments for improving the capabilities of spaceborne imaging radars are discussed. The development of multiparameter research sensors, long-term and global monitoring sensors, planetary mapping sensors, and topographic three-dimensional imagers is examined. The properties and functions of these proposed sensors are described; examples of these various types of sensors are provided.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 8; 60-64
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Radiation characteristics of a source in a thin substrate mounted over a dielectric medium (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The radiation pattern of a line source is calculated for the case in which the source is lying on the top or the bottom surface of a lossless dielectric substrate that is mounted on the top of semiinfinite dielectric medium. It is found that in both cases the pattern along the interfaces has a null; that the pattern in the upper semiinfinite medium has a single lobe; and that the pattern in the lower semiinfinite medium has many lobes, the number of which varies with the substrate thickness. In both cases, the power radiated into the lower medium is more than that radiated into the upper medium. Applications of this calculation to remote sensing, microstrip antenna technology, and antenna arrays are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (ISSN 0018-926X); 36; 322-330
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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