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  • 1
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    Influence of atmospheric aerosols and desert reflectance properties on satellite radiance measurements (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The influence of surface bidirectional reflectance factors, including shadowing, and of atmospheric aerosol variability are modeled for their effects on the remote sensing of desert targets from space in the 0.7-micron region at high spatial resolution. The white sand reflectance data of Salomonson (1968) are used as the basis for the simulation. The effects of the surface bi-directional reflectance and atmospheric aerosol on the nadir-normalized reflectance measured at the satellite are discussed individually and jointly. The net influence of these two factors is shown to depend on the magnitude of other parameters, such as the surface reflectance and solar zenith angle.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 13; 16; p. 3105-3126.
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  • 2
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    Design objectives of the multimission modular spacecraft (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Servicing economics for LANDSAT are examined. The following objectives of the multimission modular spacecraft are outlined: retrieval; multimission capability; standard flight support system; standard hardware; repair and refurbishment on orbit; instrument replacement; standard ground support system; and standard software.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 168-199
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  • 3
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    Report on SMRM C/P main electronics box component and materials degradation evaluations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The history of the Main Electronics Box (MEB), a description of the the assembly, and handling conditions following the Solar Maximum Repair Mission are contained.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Proceedings of the SMRM Degradation Study Workshop; p 33-40
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  • 4
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    GASP cloud encounter statistics - Implications for laminar flow control flight (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cloud observation archive from the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) is analyzed in order to derive the probability of cloud encounter at altitudes normally flown by commercial airliners, for application to a determination of the feasability of Laminar Flow Control (LFC) on long-range routes. The probability of cloud encounter is found to vary significantly with season. Several meteorological circulation features are apparent in the latitudinal distribution of cloud cover. The cloud encounter data are shown to be consistent with the classical midlatitude cyclone model with more clouds encountered in highs than in lows. Aircraft measurements of route-averaged time-in-clouds fit a gamma probability distribution model which is applied to estimate the probability of extended cloud encounter, and the associated loss of LFC effectiveness along seven high-density routes. The probability is demonstrated to be low.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 21; 851-857
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  • 5
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    Variability of cloudiness at airline cruise altitudes from GASP measurements (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Additional statistics relating to the climatology of cloud cover at airline cruise altitudes are presented. The data were obtained between 1975 and 1979 from commercial airliners participating in the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). The statistics describe the seasonal, latitudinal and altitudinal variation in cloudiness parameters as well as differences in the high-altitude cloud structure attributed to cyclone and convective-cloud generation processes. The latitudinal distribution of cloud cover derived form the GASP data was found to agree with high-altitude satellite observations. The relationships between three different measures of cloudiness and the relative vorticity at high altitudes is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 24; 74-82
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  • 6
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    Calculations of the limb radiance of Venus in the 600 to 700 per cm region and their application to spacecraft navigation. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Limb radiance profiles for Venus in the 600 to 700 per cm spectral band are derived for two sets of model atmospheres. The radiance computations make use of a strong line transmission model. Both an extreme variability atmospheric model set and a normal variability set are derived and discussed, as are the effects of clouds and surface pressure uncertainties. A horizon locator concept based on the derived radiance profiles is presented, through its implementation in a conceptual systems design. The locator concept developed shows promise of locating the Venus limb to better than 2 km accuracy at the horizon, or 0.05 deg for a 500-km orbit.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Infrared Physics; 13; Aug. 197
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  • 7
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    Computational modeling for the study of multispectral sensor systems and concepts (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computational model of the deterministic and stochastic processes involved in remote sensing is being developed as a tool for studying multispectral sensor systems and concepts. The goal is to improve the efficiency of sensor systems for routine worldwide monitoring of earth resources and the environment. Preliminary computational results are presented for simple models of the natural variability of atmospheric radiative transfer and surface reflectance. These results illustrate the dependence of classification accuracy on the selection of sensor spectral channels and data processing algorithms.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Optical Engineering; 21; May-June
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  • 8
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    Snow property measurements correlative to microwave emission at 35 GHz (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Snow microstructure, measured by plane section analysis, and snow wetness, measured by the dilution method, are used to calculate input parameters for a microwave emission model that uses the radiative transfer method. The scattering and absorbing properties are calculated by Mie theory. The effects of different equivalent sphere conversions, adjustments for near-field interference, and different snow wetness characterizations are compared for various snow conditions. The concentric shell geometry of liquid water in snow yields higher emissivities and better model results than the separate-sphere configuration for liquid water contents greater than 0.05, while at lower liquid water contents the separate-sphere treatment gives better results.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 2; p 915-920
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  • 9
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    The spectral bidirectional reflectance of snow (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A radiative transfer model for the bidirectional reflectance-distribution function (BRDF) shows that snow is moderately anisotropic in the near-infrared wavelengths. Although the directional-hemispherical albedo of snow decreases as the grains become larger, the forward scattering also increases, with the result that the illumination and viewing geometry must be considered when interpreting physical properties of the surface layer of the snow pack from remote sensing data. Measurements of the BRDF for a variety of snow conditions were made throughout the winter and spring seasons with a spectroradiometer, for wavelengths from 0.38 to 1.11 microns. Coincident with these the surface grain properties were analyzed by stereological methods. The data show that Mie scattering calculations using an equivalent spherical radius match the directional-hemispherical reflectance, but the BRDF usually shows a small peak in the backscattered direction that would not occur from spherical grains. The sphere with the same surface-to-volume ratio as the ice grains is used as the equivalent sphere.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 87-92
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  • 10
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    Probability of laminar flow loss because of ice crystal encounters (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method for combining the cloud detector observation results from the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) with Knollenberg probe observations of cloud particle concentration from other programs to derive estimates of the ambient concentration of particles larger than a given size was developed. The method was applied to estimate the probability of encountering particle concentrations which would degrade the performance of laminar flow control (LFC) aircraft. It is concluded that LF loss should occur only about one percent of the time in clear air and that flight within clouds should always result in a significant loss of LF, with 90 percent LF loss occurring about one percent of the time. Preliminary estimates of cloud encounter probability are presented for four airline routes, and conclusions are presented as to the best altitudes for cloud avoidance in extratropical and tropical latitudes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Laminar Flow Control; p 75-94
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