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  • 1
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    Deep Intraseasonal Variability in the Central Equatorial Atlantic (2018)
    In:  [Talk] In: PREFACE International Conference & Final Assembly, 17.-20.04.2018, Arrecife, Lanzarote, Spain .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
    Description: Besides the zonal flow that dominates the seasonal and long-term variability in the equatorial Atlantic, energetic intraseasonal meridional velocity fluctuations are observed in large parts of the water column. 15 years of full-depth velocity data from an equatorial mooring at 23°W are used to investigate intraseasonal variability and specifically the downward propagation of intraseasonal energy from the surface into the deep ocean. Near the surface (20 to 50 m), intraseasonal variability at 23°W peaks at periods between 30 to 40 days. It is associated with westward propagating Tropical Instability Waves, which undergo an annual intensification in August. Enhanced energy levels of equatorial intraseasonal variability are observed down to about 2000 m. A frequency-vertical mode decomposition shows that meridional velocity fluctuations are more energetic than the zonal ones for periods 〈 50 days. The energy peak at 30 to 40 days and vertical modes 2 to 5 excludes equatorial Rossby or gravity waves and suggests Yanai waves to be associated with the observed intraseasonal energy. Yanai waves that are considered to be generated by Tropical Instability Waves propagate their energy from near the surface west of 23°W down- and eastward to eventually reach the mooring location. The distribution of intraseasonal energy depends largely on the dominant frequency and the time, depth, and longitude of excitation with the dominant vertical mode of the Yanai waves playing only a minor role. Observations also indicate the presence of weaker intraseasonal variability at 23°W below 2000 m that is not associated with Tropical Instability Waves.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    Maintenance of the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability by intra-seasonal stochastic variability in the equatorial Atlantic (2017)
    In:  [Talk] In: Forced and chaotic ocean variability: towards probabilistic oceanography, 20.-21.04.2017, Grenoble, France .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The variability of the zonal circulation along the equator in the Atlantic Ocean is dominated by the seasonal cycle and the presence of the equatorial deep jets (EDJs). The seasonal cycle is externally driven by surface wind variability, however the mechanism which generates and maintains the EDJs against dissipation is not fully understood yet. Additionally, intra-seasonal stochastic variability, the tropical instability waves (TIWs), is generated in the upper ocean by both baroclinic and barotropic instability. The intra-seasonal energy at the equator reaches to depths of about 2000 m. We argue that the intra-seasonal variability gets distorted by the presence of the lower frequency zonal velocity variability. This causes a systematic convergence of intra-seasonal momentum flux such that the seasonal cycle and the EDJs are maintained against dissipation. The presence of this mechanism is demonstrated from two OGCM simulations and moored observations at 23W in the equatorial Atlantic.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    An oceanic mechanism for the generation of interannual climate variability in the tropical Atlantic (2017)
    In:  [Talk] In: PIRATA 22 - PREFACE - TAV Meeting, 05.-10.11.2017, Fortaleza, Brasil .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
    Description: The sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern tropical Atlantic exhibits pronounced variability on interannual time scales being associated with wind and rainfall anomalies within the tropical Atlantic region. It has been proposed that the interannual variability of SST is partly driven by the variability of the deep equatorial zonal circulation, the so-called equatorial deep jets (EDJs). The EDJs may be described as a superposition of quasi-resonant equatorial basin modes and the direction of vertical phase propagation implies that their energy is propagating towards the surface. Furthermore, recent findings revealed that the EDJs in turn are maintained by intra-seasonal waves that are generated by the barotropic and baroclinic instability of the near-surface circulation. This talk will present the relevant mechanisms that are involved in the conversion of energy from one type of variability to another, i.e. from chaotic intra-seasonal surface variability via deep interannual zonal variability to interannual surface climate variability, with a special focus on the maintenance of the EDJs by intra-seasonal waves. Since EDJs, a key component of the mechanism discussed above, are not well represented in state-of-the-art Ocean General Circulation Models, preliminary findings on the sensitivity of the EDJs to model parameters and configuration are presented.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: slideshow
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  • 4
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    Reconstructing Tropical Pacific Sea Level Variability for the Period 1961-2002 Using a Linear Multimode Model (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (3). pp. 2037-2048.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: Monthly mean sea level anomalies in the tropical Pacific for the period 1961-2002 are reconstructed using a linear, multi-mode model driven by monthly mean wind stress anomalies from the NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40 reanalysis products. Overall, the sea level anomalies reconstructed by both wind stress products agree well with the available tide gauge data, although with poor performance at Kanton Island in the western-central equatorial Pacific and reduced amplitude at Christmas Island. The reduced performance is related to model error in locating the pivot point in sea level variability associated with the so-called “tilt” mode. We present evidence that the pivot point was further west during the period 1993-2014 than during the period 1961-2002 and attribute this to a persistent upward trend in the zonal wind stress variance along the equator west of 160° W throughout the period 1961-2014. Experiments driven by the zonal component of the wind stress alone reproduce much of the trend in sea level found in the experiments driven by both components of the wind stress. The experiments show an upward trend in sea level in the eastern tropical Pacific over the period 1961-2002, but with a much stronger upward trend when using the NCEP/NCAR product. We argue that the latter is related to an overly strong eastward trend in zonal wind stress in the eastern-central Pacific that is believed to be a spurious feature of the NCEP/NCAR product.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
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    Interannual variability of tropical Pacific Sea level from 1993 to 2014 (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (1). pp. 602-616.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: A multi-mode, linear reduced-gravity model, driven by ERA-Interim monthly mean wind stress anomalies, is used to investigate interannual variability in tropical Pacific sea level as seen in satellite altimeter data. The model output is fitted to the altimeter data along the equator, in order to derive the vertical profile for the model forcing, showing that a signature from modes higher than mode six cannot be extracted from the altimeter data. It is shown that the model has considerable skill at capturing interannual sea level variability both on and off the equator. The correlation between modelled and satellite-derived sea level data exceeds 0.8 over a wide range of longitudes along the equator and readily captures the observed ENSO events. Overall, the combination of the first, second, third and fifth modes can provide a robust estimate of the interannual sea level variability, the second mode being dominant. A remarkable feature of both the model and the altimeter data is the presence of a pivot point in the western Pacific on the equator. We show that the westward displacement of the pivot point from the centre of the basin is strongly influenced by the fact that most of the wind stress variance is found in the western part of the basin. We also show that the Sverdrup transport is not fundamental to the dynamics of the recharge/discharge mechanism in our model, although the spatial structure of the wind forcing does play a role in setting the amplitude of the “warm water volume”.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    Towards a seamlessly diagnosable expression for the energy flux associated with both equatorial and mid-latitude waves (2017)
    SpringerOpen
    In:  Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, 4 (1). Art. No. 11.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: For mid-latitude Rossby waves (RWs) in the atmosphere, the expression for the energy flux for use in a model diagnosis, and without relying on a Fourier analysis or a ray theory, has previously been derived using quasi-geostrophic equations and is singular at the equator. By investigating the analytical solution of both equatorial and mid-latitude waves, the authors derive an exact universal expression for the energy flux which is able to indicate the direction of the group velocity at all latitudes for linear shallow water waves. This is achieved by introducing a streamfunction as given by the inversion equation of Ertel’s potential vorticity, a novel aspect for considering the energy flux. For ease of diagnosis from a model, an approximate version of the universal expression is explored and illustrated for a forced/dissipative equatorial basin mode simulated by a single-layer oceanic model that includes both mid-latitude RWs and equatorial waves. Equatorial Kelvin Waves (KWs) propagate eastward along the equator, are partially redirected poleward as coastal KWs at the eastern boundary of the basin, and then shed mid-latitude RWs that propagate westward into the basin interior. The connection of the equatorial and coastal waveguides has been successfully illustrated by the approximate expression of the group-velocity-based energy flux of the present study. This will allow for tropical-extratropical interactions in oceanic and atmospheric model outputs to be diagnosed in terms of an energy cycle in a future study.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    Maintenance of the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability by intra-seasonal chaotic variability in the equatorial Atlantic (2017)
    In:  [Talk] In: Energy transfers in Atmosphere and Ocean, 03-05.05.2017, Hamburg, Germany .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The variability of the zonal circulation along the equator in the Atlantic Ocean is dominated by the seasonal cycle and the presence of the equatorial deep jets (EDJs). The seasonal cycle is externally driven by surface wind variability, however the mechanism which generates and maintains the EDJs against dissipation is not fully understood yet. Additionally, intra-seasonal stochastic variability, the tropical instability waves (TIWs), is generated in the upper ocean by both baroclinic and barotropic instability. The intra-seasonal energy at the equator reaches to depths of about 2000 m. We argue that the intra-seasonal variability gets distorted by the presence of the lower frequency zonal velocity variability. This causes a systematic convergence of intra-seasonal momentum flux such that the seasonal cycle and the EDJs are maintained against dissipation. The presence of this mechanism is demonstrated from two OGCM simulations and moored observations at 23W in the equatorial Atlantic.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    Intraseasonal Variability of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean (2017)
    In:  [Poster] In: PIRATA 22 - PREFACE - TAV Meeting, 05.-10.11.2017, Fortaleza, Brasil .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-09
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  • 9
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    The emergence of equatorial deep jets in an idealised primitive equation model: an interpretation in terms of basin modes (2017)
    Springer
    In:  Ocean Dynamics, 67 (12). pp. 1511-1522.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Ocean circulation models do not generally exhibit equatorial deep jets (EDJs), even though EDJs are a recognised feature of the observed ocean circulation along the equator and they are thought to be important for tracer transport along the equator and even equatorial climate. EDJs are nevertheless found in nonlinear primitive equation models with idealised box geometry. Here we analyse several such model runs. We note that the variability of the zonal velocity in the model is dominated by the gravest linear equatorial basin mode for a wide range of baroclinic vertical normal modes and that the EDJs in the model are dominated by energy contained in vertical modes between 10 and 20. The emergence of the EDJs is shown to involve the linear superposition of several such neighbouring basin modes. Furthermore, the phase of these basin modes is set at the start of the model run and, in the case of the reference experiment, the same basin modes can be found in a companion experiment in which the amplitude of the forcing has been reduced by a factor of 1000. We also argue that following the spin-up, energy must be transferred between different vertical modes. This is because the model simulations are dominated by downward phase propagation following the spin-up whereas our reconstructions imply episodes of upward and downward propagation. The transfer of energy between the vertical modes is associated with a decadal modulation of the EDJs.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
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    Evidence for the maintenance of slowly varying equatorial currents by intraseasonal variability (2018)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (4). pp. 1923-1929.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Recent evidence from mooring data in the equatorial Atlantic reveals that semi-annual and longer time scale ocean current variability is close to being resonant with equatorial basin modes. Here we show that intraseasonal variability, with time scales of 10's of days, provides the energy to maintain these resonant basin modes against dissipation. The mechanism is analogous to that by which storm systems in the atmosphere act to maintain the atmospheric jet stream. We demonstrate the mechanism using an idealised model set-up that exhibits equatorial deep jets. The results are supported by direct analysis of available mooring data from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean covering a depth range of several thousand meters. The analysis of the mooring data suggests that the same mechanism also helps maintain the seasonal variability.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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