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  • 1
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    Ozone depletion in the upper stratosphere estimated from satellite and Space Shuttle data (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) spectrometer observations of ozone concentrations in the upper stratosphere made in October 1989 are combined here with measurements made in October 1980 by the similar SBUV instruments on NASA's Nimbus-7 satellite. It is shown that the ozone concentration near 45 km has decreased during this period by about 7 +/- 2 percent. The trend is consistent with predictions of a 2D photochemical model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 358; 6382,
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    An assessment of the long-term drift in TOMS total ozone data, based on comparison with the Dobson network (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Seven years of total ozone data derived from the TOMS instrument on Nimbus-7 are compared with results from 41 Dobson stations. In this study, a significant improvement in fit from previous studies is obtained using a model which assumes a change in the rate of drift between TOMS and Dobson around the middle of 1982. Results indicate that the TOMS measurements have drifted relative to the Dobson stations with a two-part linear trend of -0.25 + or - 0.17 percent per year during the period from launch to 6/30/82, and -0.51 + or - 0.21 percent per year during 7/1/82 - 10/31/85. The causes of this drift cannot be definitively separated between residual uncorrected drift in the TOMS instrument (a similar drift is apparent in the SBUV-Dobson comparisons), limited sensitivity of the TOMS to increases in tropospheric ozone, and the effect of local increases in pollution levels on individual Dobson stations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 15; 1133-113
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  • 3
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    SSBUV middle ultraviolet solar spectral irradiance measurements (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) instrument performs multiple solar spectral irradiance measurements in the wavelength region 200 to 400 nm at 1.1 nm resolution during yearly Space Shuttle flights. Solar spectral irradiance observations from the first three SSBUV Shuttle flights, October 1989, October 1990, and August 1991, are compared with one another and with solar measurements made by the NOAA-11 SBUV/2 instrument. The repeated SSBUV solar spectral observations, which agree to within plus or minus 1-2 percent from 200 to 400 nm, are valuable not only as a means of validating and calibrating the satellite-based solar irradiance measurements, but also as a distinct set of stand-alone solar measurements for monitoring long-term changes in the solar spectral irradiance, which are important for ozone photochemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 946-949
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Post launch performance of the Meteor-3/TOMS instrument (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Meteor-3/TOMS instrument is the second in a series of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometers (TOMS) following the 1978 launch of Nimbus-7/TOMS. TOMS instruments are designed to measure total ozone amounts over the entire earth on a daily basis, and have been the cornerstone of ozone trend monitoring. Consequently, calibration is a critical issue, and is receiving much attention on both instruments. Performance and calibration data obtained by monitoring systems aboard the Meteor-3 instrument have been analyzed through the first full year of operation, and indicate that the instrument is performing quite well. A new system for monitoring instrument sensitivity employing multiple diffusers has been used successfully and is providing encouraging results. The 3-diffuser system has monitored changes in instrument sensitivity of a few percent despite decreases in diffuser reflectivity approaching 50 percent since launch.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 942-945
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  • 5
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    Performance evaluation of the solar backscatter ultraviolet radiometer, model 2 (SBUV/2) inflight calibration system (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer, Model 2 (SBUV/2) instruments, as part of their regular operation, deploy ground aluminum reflective diffusers to deflect solar irradiance into the instrument's field-of-view. Previous SBUV instrument diffusers have shown a tendency to degrade in their reflective efficiencies. This degradation will add a trend to the ozone measurements if left uncorrected. An extensive in-flight calibration system was designed into the SBUV/2 instruments to effectively measure the degradation of the solar diffuser (Ball Aerospace Systems Division 1981). Soon after launch, the NOAA-9 SBUV/2 calibration system was unable to track the diffuser's reflectivity changes due, in part, to design flows (Frederick et al. 1986). Subsequently, the NOAA-11 SBUV/2 calibration system was redesigned and an analysis of the first 2 years of data (Weiss et al. 1991) indicated the NOAA-11 SBUV/2 onboard calibration system's performance to be exceeding preflight expectations. This paper will describe the analysis of the first three years NOAA-11 SBUV/2 calibration system data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 931-933
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  • 6
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    Changes in photochemically significant solar UV spectral irradiance as estimated by the composite Mg II index and scale factors (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Quantitative assessment of the impact of solar ultraviolet irradiance variations on stratospheric ozone abundances currently requires the use of proxy indicators. The Mg II core-to-wing index has been developed as an indicator of solar UV activity between 175-400 nm that is independent of most instrument artifacts, and measures solar variability on both rotational and solar cycle time scales. Linear regression fits have been used to merge the individual Mg II index data sets from the Nimbus-7, NOAA-9, and NOAA-11 instruments onto a single reference scale. The change in 27-dayrunning average of the composite Mg II index from solar maximum to solar minimum is approximately 8 percent for solar cycle 21, and approximately 9 percent for solar cycle 22 through January 1992. Scaling factors based on the short-term variations in the Mg II index and solar irradiance data sets have been developed to estimate solar variability at mid-UV and near-UV wavelengths. Near 205 nm, where solar irradiance variations are important for stratospheric photo-chemistry and dynamics, the estimated change in irradiance during solar cycle 22 is approximately 10 percent using the composite Mg II index and scale factors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 927-930
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  • 7
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    Status of the Shuttle SBUV (SSBUV) calibration of the NOAA SBUV/2 operational ozone sounders and the detection of trends (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) experiment has flown four times since October 1989. The purpose of SSBUV is to perform calibration checks of the SBUV ozone sounding instruments on the Nimbus and NOAA satellites in order to remove calibration drift so that ozone trends in the middle stratosphere can be accurately derived. Calibration checks are performed by comparing coincident observations between SSBUV and the satellite instruments. Regular flights of about once per year and maintenance of the SSBUV calibration to 1 percent from flight to flight are the major challenges for SSBUV. To date the required flight frequency has been met and instrument calibration is known to about 1-2 percent for the first three flights. The first comparisons showed 30 percent differences between SSBUV and the original archived Nimbus SBUV data, but considerably smaller differences with the new SBUV 'Version 6' data. Differences between SSBUV and SBUV/2 instruments on NOAA-11 and NOAA-9 were of the order of 5-10 percent respectively. These differences have not been accounted for in the present NOAA data set since they contain initial calibration biases as well as long term instrument drift. With subsequent SSBUV comparisons, the satellite calibration can be corrected, which will then allow an accurate estimate of ozone trends in the upper stratosphere. In this initial study, 1989 Nimbus-7 SBUV data have been corrected using SSBUV observations and then compared to SBUV data for 1980. This comparison then leads to an ozone trend of 7 percent in the upper stratosphere over the tropics for the period 1980 to 1989.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 883-886
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  • 8
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    Characterization of the Nimbus-7 SBUV radiometer for the long-term monitoring of stratospheric ozone (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Precise knowledge of in-orbit sensitivity change is critical for the successful monitoring of stratospheric ozone by satellite-based remote sensors. This paper evaluates those aspects of the in-flight operation that influence the long-term stability of the upper stratospheric ozone measurements made by the Nimbus-7 SBUV spectroradiometer and chronicles methods used to maintain the long-term albedo calibration of this UV sensor. It is shown that the instrument's calibration for the ozone measurement, the albedo calibration, has been maintained over the first 6 yr of operation to an accuracy of approximately + or - 2 percent. The instrument's wavelength calibration is shown to drift linearly with time. The knowledge of the SBUV wavelength assignment is maintained to a 0.02-nm precision.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 5; 215-227
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User's Guide (1996)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two data products from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) onboard Nimbus-7 have been archived at the Distributed Active Archive Center, in the form of Hierarchical Data Format files. The instrument measures backscattered Earth radiance and incoming solar irradiance; their ratio is used in ozone retrievals. Changes in the instrument sensitivity are monitored by a spectral discrimination technique using measurements of the intrinsically stable wavelength dependence of derived surface reflectivity. The algorithm to retrieve total column ozone compares measured Earth radiances at sets of three wavelengths with radiances calculated for different total ozone values, solar zenith angles, and optical paths. The initial error in the absolute scale for TOMS total ozone is 3 percent, the one standard deviation random error is 2 percent, and drift is less than 1.0 percent per decade. The Level-2 product contains the measured radiances, the derived total ozone amount, and reflectivity information for each scan position. The Level-3 product contains daily total ozone amount and reflectivity in a I - degree latitude by 1.25 degrees longitude grid. The Level-3 product also is available on CD-ROM. Detailed descriptions of both HDF data files and the CD-ROM product are provided.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-RP-1384 , Rept-96B00064 , NAS 1.61:1384
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  • 10
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    On the radiometric stability of the shuttle borne solar backscatter ultraviolet spectrometer (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) spectrometer instrument provides regular in-orbit calibration checks on the SBUV/2 ozone/solar irradiance monitoring instruments which are being flown routinely on NOAA operational satellites. The goal of the long-term ozone monitoring program is to detect possible changes in stratospheic ozone with a two sigma accuracy of approximately 1 percent over the course of a decade. This translates into a requirement that the SSBUV instrument be calibrated to a one sigma precision of 1 percent at the wavelengths used for ozone monitoring. We have previously shown that the precision of the SSBUV calibrations is such that we can meet this requirement. Here we discuss SSBUV radiometric sensitivity changes occurring as a result of the first two Space Shuttle flights. Finally, we present and compare SSBUV solar irradiance measurements taken during these flights.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: In: Calibration of passive remote observing optical and microwave instrumentation; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, Apr. 3-5, 1991 (A93-23575 07-19); p. 91-99.
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