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  • 1
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    Carbonate platform drowning caught in the act: The sedimentology of Saya de Malha Bank (Indian Ocean) (2022)
    Betzler, Christian ; Lindhorst, Sebastian ; Reijmer, John J. G. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-27
    Description: Mesophotic reefs, hardgrounds and current‐controlled pelagic to hemipelagic carbonates are facies marking carbonate platform drowning successions, irrespective of the factors controlling this evolution. A modern analogue of a carbonate platform in a state of drowning, where these facies occur has not been properly reported on to date. In the present study, the sedimentary environments of the Saya de Malha Bank are characterized using a multi‐disciplinary approach including sedimentology, hydroacoustics, seismics and oceanography. The Saya de Malha Bank edifice with a surface of 40 808 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 is located in the tropical Indian Ocean and lies in a water depth of 8 to 300 m extending from the surrounding more than 2000 m deep ocean floor, with no reef reaching the sea surface. Mesophotic coral and red algal facies co‐exist with hemipelagic and bioclastic sands, together with a hardground. Ocean currents and internal waves are identified as major sedimentological controlling factors in the absence of elevated nutrient influx. Many features distributed along the present‐day Saya de Malha Bank were described from studies presenting fossil examples of carbonate platform drowning. The results herein can therefore be applied to other drowning examples, in some cases allowing for more accurate interpretation of the stratigraphic record.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:552.58 ; Internal waves, Mascarene Plateau ; mesophotic reefs ; South Equatorial Current
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
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    Last interglacial reef facies and late Quaternary subsidence in the Maldives, Indian Ocean (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 406 . pp. 34-41.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Highlights • First systematic description of Pleistocene facies of the Maldives reveals shallow-water deposits • Only U-series ages from Pleistocene deposits of the Maldives (MIS 5e) • Geochronology and paleo-bathymetric analyses allow estimation of late Quaternary subsidence of this major carbonate platform location to 0.09 - 0.16 m/kyr To date, there is hardly any knowledge of facies and age of Pleistocene reef limestone in the Maldives. Likewise, there are no robust estimates of Quaternary subsidence in this major shallow-water carbonate platform and reef area. In a core recovered on the windward margin of Rasdhoo Atoll in the central part of the archipelago, Pleistocene coralgal grainstone facies belonging to marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e were recovered underlying a Holocene reef succession, 14.5 m below modern sea level. Based on the occurrence of shallow-water stony corals such as Isopora palifera and possibly Acropora gr. robusta, high-energy coralline algae including Porolithon onkodes, in part associated with vermetids, and grain-supported limestone texture, the paleoenvironment is interpreted as a shallow back reef area with a paleo-waterdepth of 〈10 m. Based on a reliable U-series age from a Pleistocene acroporid coral of 136.9 kyr BP and assuming a + 7.5 m higher-than-present peak sea level during MIS 5e, late Quaternary subsidence is estimated to 0.09 m/kyr (minimum)–0.16 m/kyr (maximum value). A sea level of +2.5 m during the early MIS 5e would reduce the rates to 0.05 m/kyr (minimum)–0.12 m/kyr (maximum). These numbers are significant for reconstructions of depositional environments of this major carbonate platform area in the Quaternary. The subsidence estimates are not as crucial for historical reconstruction of relative sea level and for predictions of the near future in this low-lying archipelago, because they will add only a minor portion to the predicted rates of 21st century sea-level rise.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    Holocene and Pleistocene fringing reef growth and the role of accommodation space and exposure to waves and currents (Bora Bora, Society Islands, French Polynesia) (2019)
    International Association of Sedimentologists
    In:  Sedimentology, 66 (1). pp. 305-328.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Holocene fringing reef development around Bora Bora is controlled by variations in accommodation space (as a function of sea-level and antecedent topography) and exposure to waves and currents. Subsidence ranged from 0 to 0·11 m kyr−1, and did not create significant accommodation space. A windward fringing reef started to grow 8·7 kyr bp, retrograded towards the coast over a Pleistocene fringing reef until ca 6·0 kyr bp, and then prograded towards the lagoon after sea-level had reached its present level. The retrograding portion of the reef is dominated by corals, calcareous algae and microbialite frameworks; the prograding portion is largely detrital. The reef is up to 13·5 m thick and accreted vertically with an average rate of 3·12 m kyr−1. Lateral growth amounts to 13·3 m kyr−1. Reef corals are dominated by an inner Pocillopora assemblage and an outer Acropora assemblage. Both assemblages comprise thick crusts of coralline algae. Palaeobathymetry suggests deposition in 0 to 10 m depth. An underlying Pleistocene fringing reef formed during the sea-level highstand of Marine Isotope Stage 5e, and is also characterized by the occurrence of corals, coralline algal crusts and microbialites. A previously investigated, leeward fringing reef started to form contemporaneously (8·78 kyr bp), but is thicker (up to 20 m) and solely prograded throughout the Holocene. A shallow Pocillopora assemblage and a deeper water Montipora assemblage were identified, but detrital facies dominate. At the Holocene reef base, only basalt was recovered. The Holocene windward–leeward differences are a consequence of less accommodation space on the eastern island side that eventually led to a more complex reef architecture. As a result of higher rates of exposure and flushing, the reef framework on the windward island side is more abundant and experienced stronger cementation. In the Pleistocene, the environmental conditions on the leeward island side were presumably unfavourable for fringing reef growth.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
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    Neogene and Quaternary reef terraces of Mangaia, Rarotonga and Aitutaki (southern Cook Islands, South Pacific) revisited: gauges of sea-level change and island uplift? (2022)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: New sedimentological data of facies and diagenesis as well as chronological data including strontium (87Sr/86Sr)-isotope ratios and uranium (U)-series dating, radiocarbon (14C) accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating and biostratigraphy from elevated reef terraces (makatea) in the southern Cook Islands of Mangaia, Rarotonga and Aitutaki contribute to controversial discussions regarding age and sea-level relationships of these occurrences during the Neogene and Quaternary. The oldest limestones of the uplifted makatea island of Mangaia include reef-related facies which are mid-Miocene in age, based on new Sr-isotope and biostratigraphical data. In between these older deposits and the lowest coastal reef terrace of marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, various older Pleistocene reef-related facies were identified. Based on Sr-isotope ratios, these were deposited during earlier Pleistocene highstands (as old as 2.28 Ma). Rare reef terraces on Rarotonga belong to the Plio-Pleistocene and the late Miocene, according to 87Sr/86Sr ratios. The late Miocene age is enigmatic as it exceeds the age of subaerially exposed volcanic rocks of Rarotonga island. The fossil reef could have formed on an older submarine volcanic high that was later displaced by younger volcanism to its present position, or the Sr-age could be too old due to diagenetic resetting. The Plio-Pleistocene Rarotonga reef terraces are overlain irregularly by Holocene reef deposits that are interpreted as storm rubble. Reef terraces on Aitutaki represent evidence of a higher-than-present (up to 1 m) sea-level during the late Holocene, based on 14C AMS age data. They are very similar to elevated late Holocene reefs of adjacent French Polynesia with regard to composition, elevation and age.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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