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  • 1
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    The effects of fire on biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) before and after a controlled burn conducted in a chaparral ecosystem on June 22, 1987, showed significantly enhanced emissions of both gases after the burn. Mean NO emissions from heavily burned and wetted (to simulate rainfall) sites exceeded 40 ng N/sq m s, and increase of 2 to 3 compared to preburn wetted site measurements. N2O emissions from burned and wetted sites ranged from 9 to 22 ng N/sq m s. Preburn N2O emissions from these wetted sites were all below the detection level of the instrumentation, indicating a flux below 2 ng N/sq m s. The flux of NO exceeded the N2O flux from burned wetted sites by factors ranging from 2.7 to 3.4. These measurements, coupled with preburn and postburn measurements of ammonium and nitrate in the soil of this chaparral ecosystem and measurements of NO and N2O emissions obtained under controlled laboratory conditions, suggest that the postfire enhancement of NO and N2O emissions is due to production of these gases by nitrifying bacteria.
    Keywords: GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236); 2; 445-449
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  • 2
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    Trace gases in the atmosphere of Mars - An indicator of microbial life (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The detection of certain trace gases in the atmosphere of Mars would indicate the presence of microbial life on the surface. Candidate biogenic gases include CH4, NH3, N2O, and several reduced sulfur species. Chemical thermodynamic equilibrium and photochemical calculations preclude the presence of these gases in any measurable concentrations in the atmosphere of Mars in the absence of biogenic production. A search for these gases utilizing either high-resolution (spectral and spatial) spectroscopy from a Mars orbiter, such as the Mars Observer orbiter, and/or in situ measurements from a Mars lander or rover is proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: AAS PAPER 87-247
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  • 3
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    Robots for Astrobiology! (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The search for life and its study is known as astrobiology. Conducting that search on other planets in our Solar System is a major goal of NASA and other space agencies, and a driving passion of the community of scientists and engineers around the world. We practice for that search in many ways, from exploring and studying extreme environments on Earth, to developing robots to go to other planets and help us look for any possible life that may be there or may have been there in the past. The unique challenges of space exploration make collaborations between robots and humans essential. The products of those collaborations will be novel and driven by the features of wholly new environments. For space and planetary environments that are intolerable for humans or where humans present an unacceptable risk to possible biologically sensitive sites, autonomous robots or telepresence offer excellent choices. The search for life signs on Mars fits within this category, especially in advance of human landed missions there, but also as assistants and tools once humans reach the Red Planet. For planetary destinations where we do not envision humans ever going in person, like bitterly cold icy moons, or ocean worlds with thick ice roofs that essentially make them planetary-sized ice caves, we will rely on robots alone to visit those environments for us and enable us to explore and understand any life that we may find there. Current generation robots are not quite ready for some of the tasks that we need them to do, so there are many opportunities for roboticists of the future to advance novel types of mobility, autonomy, and bio-inspired robotic designs to help us accomplish our astrobiological goals. We see an exciting partnership between robotics and astrobiology continually strengthening as we jointly pursue the quest to find extraterrestrial life.
    Keywords: Social and Information Sciences (General); Cybernetics, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics; Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN33407 , Global Conference for Educational Robots; Jul 06, 2016 - Jul 10, 2016; St. Augustine, FL; United States
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  • 4
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    Space Biology Meets Astrobiology: Critical Synergies and Concerns (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: The broad fields of space biology and astrobiology share much in common in terms of science questions, approaches, and goals. However, historical circumstances and funding agency practices have frequently resulted in a wide separation between the two related areas. Is this a good thing? We believe that it is not, and that much is to be gained in each field from sharing ideas, resources, and perhaps projects between investigators traditionally working in one discipline or the other. Some of the strengths that the Space Biology community offers include sophistication and experience in flying experiments on space missions. In turn, Astrobiology has focused heavily on ground-based and field research. Challenging physical and chemical conditions experienced in space and on other planets partially overlap, and much can be gleaned from the body of work of each community along these topical lines. A combination of these areas of expertise and experience could result in major advances to all involved. When possible, avoiding having to reinvent methods or approaches already used by a sister community can result in greater efficiencies of resource use. We will discuss some case studies where we believe there are significant overlaps including adaptation to a variety of environmental stresses, extremophiles as potential flight organisms, microfluidics as applied to planetary environment simulations, and others.
    Keywords: Exobiology
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN33682 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research; Oct 26, 2016 - Oct 29, 2016; Cleveland, OH; United States
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  • 5
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    On the possibility of chemosynthetic ecosystems in subsurface habitats on Mars (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Recent discoveries of nonphotosynthetic microbial ecosystems on earth have prompted the present reexamination of the prospects for microbial life on Mars, where well-protected subsurface niches associated with hydrothermal activity could have furnished a refuge after surface conditions became inhospitable. It is noted that extensive geological features attest to widespread ground ice-volcanism interactions. Attention is given to the possibility of anaerobic systems employing CO2 as the primary source of carbon, and liquid water furnished by melted subsurface permafrost. Gases from deep volcanic activity could effect reduction, thereby establishing a chemolithoautotrophic basis for a methanogenic or acetogenic and sulfur-based ecology microbial community.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 95; 300-308
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  • 6
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    Report of the Workshop for Life Detection in Samples from Mars (2014)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The question of whether there is or was life on Mars has been one of the most pivotal since Schiaparellis' telescopic observations of the red planet. With the advent of the space age, this question can be addressed directly by exploring the surface of Mars and by bringing samples to Earth for analysis. The latter, however, is not free of problems. Life can be found virtually everywhere on Earth. Hence the potential for contaminating the Mars samples and compromising their scientific integrity is not negligible. Conversely, if life is present in samples from Mars, this may represent a potential source of extraterrestrial biological contamination for Earth. A range of measures and policies, collectively termed 'planetary protection', are employed to minimise risks and thereby prevent undesirable consequences for the terrestrial biosphere. This report documents discussions and conclusions from a workshop held in 2012, which followed a public conference focused on current capabilities for performing life-detection studies on Mars samples. The workshop focused on the evaluation of Mars samples that would maximise scientific productivity and inform decision making in the context of planetary protection. Workshop participants developed a strong consensus that the same measurements could be employed to effectively inform both science and planetary protection, when applied in the context of two competing hypotheses: 1) that there is no detectable life in the samples; or 2) that there is martian life in the samples. Participants then outlined a sequence for sample processing and defined analytical methods that would test these hypotheses. They also identified critical developments to enable the analysis of samples from Mars.
    Keywords: Exobiology; Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN21829 , Life Detection Workshop (Scripps Institution of Oceanography); Feb 15, 2012 - Feb 17, 2012; La Jolla, CA; United States|Conference on Life Detection in Extraterrestrial Samples (Scripps Institution of Oceanography); Feb 13, 2012 - Feb 15, 2012; La Jolla, CA; United States|Life Sciences in Space Research; 2; 1-5
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  • 7
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    NASA Astrobiology Institute (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: NASA Astrobiology Overview and information
    Keywords: Exobiology
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN58804 , IV CIAB - Fourth Astrobiology Conference; Oct 25, 2018 - Oct 27, 2018; Lima; Peru
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  • 8
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    The Astrobiology of the Subsurface: Caves and Rock Fracture Habitats on Earth, Mars and Beyond (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-11
    Description: The Astrobiology of the Subsurface: Exploring Cave Habitats on Earth, Mars and Beyond. We are using the spectacular underground landscapes of Earth caves as models for the subsurfaces of other planets. Caves have been detected on the Moon and Mars and are strongly suspected for other bodies in the Solar System including some of the ice covered Ocean Worlds that orbit gas giant planets. The caves we explore and study include many extreme conditions of relevance to planetary astrobiology exploration including high and low temperatures, gas atmospheres poisonous to humans but where exotic microbes can fluorish, highly acidic or salty fluids, heavy metals, and high background radiation levels. Some cave microorganisms eat their way through bedrock, some live in battery acid conditions, some produce unusual biominerals and rare cave formations, and many produce compounds of potential pharmaceutical and industrial significance. We study these unique lifeforms and the physical and chemical biosignatures that they leave behind. Such traces can be used to provide a Field Guide to Unknown Organisms for developing life detection space missions.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration; Exobiology
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN45445 , ARC-E-DAA-TN39718 , ARC-E-DAA-TN39711 , ELSI Origins Network (EON) Workshop on Universal Biology; Aug 23, 2017 - Aug 25, 2017; Tokyo; Japan|International Rio Tinto Symposium; Jun 06, 2017 - Jun 07, 2017; Madrid; Spain|MarsFest 2017; Mar 10, 2017 - Mar 12, 2017; Death Valley, CA; United States
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  • 9
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    Lunar and Martian Sub-surface Habitat Structure Technology Development and Application (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: NASA's human exploration initiative poses great opportunity and great risk for manned missions to the Moon and Mars. Subsidace structures such as caves and lava tubes offer readily available and existing in-situ habitat options. Sub-surface dwellings can provide complete radiation, micro-meteorite and exhaust plume shielding and a moderate and constant temperature environment; they are, therefore, excellent pre-existing habitat risk mitigation elements. Technical challenges to subsurface habitat structure development include surface penetration (digging and mining equipment), environmental pressurization, and psychological environment enhancement requirements. Lunar and Martian environments and elements have many beneficial similarities. This will allow for lunar testing and design development of subsurface habitat structures for Martian application; however, significant differences between lunar and Martian environments and resource elements will mandate unique application development. Mars is NASA's ultimate exploration goal and is known to have many very large lava tubes. Other cave types are plausible. The Moon has unroofed rilles and lava tubes, but further research will, in the near future, define the extent of Lunar and Martian differences and similarities. This paper will discuss Lunar and Martian subsurface habitation technology development challenges and opportunities.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: AIAA Conference; 30 Jan. 2 Feb. 2005; Orlando, FL; United States
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