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  • Other Sources  (18)
  • 1990-1994  (18)
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  • 1
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    Unknown
    Rates of oxidative weathering on the surface of Mars (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Implicit in the mnemonic 'MSATT' (Mars surface and atmosphere through time) is that rates of surface processes on Mars through time should be investigated, including studies of the kinetics and mechanism of oxidative weathering reactions occurring in the Martian regolith. Such measurements are described. Two major elements analyzed in the Viking Lander XRF experiment that are most vulnerable to atmospheric oxidation are iron and sulfur. Originally, they occurred as Fe(2+)-bearing silicate and sulfide minerals in basaltic rocks on the surface of Mars. However, chemical weathering reactions through time have produced ferric- and sulfate-bearing assemblages now visible in the Martian regolith. Such observations raise several question about: (1) when the oxidative weathering reactions took place on Mars; (2) whether or not the oxidized regolith is a fossilized remnant of past weathering processes; (3) deducting chemical interactions of the ancient Martian atmosphere with its surface from surviving phases; (4) possible weathering reactions still occurring in the frozen regolith; and (5) the kinetics and mechanism of past and present-day oxidative reactions on Mars. These questions may be addressed experimentally by studying reaction rates of dissolution and oxidation of basaltic minerals, and by identifying reaction products forming on the mineral surfaces. Results for the oxidation of pyrrhotite and dissolved ferrous iron are reported.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on the Martian Surface and Atmosphere Through Time; p 26-27
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  • 2
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    Oxygen in the Martian atmosphere: Regulation of PO2 by the deposition of iron formations on Mars (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: During Earth's early history, and prior to the evolution of its present day oxygenated atmosphere, extensive iron rich siliceous sedimentary rocks were deposited, consisting of alternating layers of silica (chert) and iron oxide minerals (hematite and magnetite). The banding in iron formations recorded changes of atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions near sea level in the ancient ocean, which induced the oxidation of dissolved ferrous iron, precipitation of insoluble ferric oxides and silica, and regulation of oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere. Similarities between the Archean Earth and the composition of the present day atmosphere on Mars, together with the pervasive presence of ferric oxides in the Martian regolith suggest that iron formation might also have been deposited on Mars and influenced the oxygen content of the Martian atmosphere. Such a possibility is discussed here with a view to assessing whether the oxygen content of the Martian atmosphere has been regulated by the chemical precipitation of iron formations on Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Papers Presented to the Workshop on the Evolution of the Martian Atmosphere; p 3-5
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  • 3
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    Unknown
    The fate of iron on Mars: Mechanism of oxidation of basaltic minerals to ferric-bearing assemblages (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Perhaps the most conspicuous indication that chemical weathering has occurred on the surface of Mars is the overall color of the red planet and the spectroscopic features that identify ferric-bearing assemblages in the martian regolith. Apparently, Fe(2+) ions in primary minerals in parent igneous rocks on the martian surface have been oxidized to ferric iron, which occurs in degradation products that now constitute the regolith. The mineralogy of the unweathered igneous rocks prior to weathering on the martian surface is reasonably well constrained, mainly as a result of petrographic studies of the SNC meteorites. However, the alteration products resulting from oxidative weathering of these rocks are less well-constrained. The topics covered include the following: primary rocks subjected to chemical weathering; dissolution processes; oxidation of dissolved Fe(2+); mechanism of polymerization of hydrous ferric oxides; terrestrial occurrences of ferromagnesian smectites; and dehydroxylated Mg-Fe smectites on Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., MSATT Workshop on Chemical Weathering on Mars; p 8-9
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  • 4
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    Venus mountain-top mineralogy: Misconceptions about pyrite as the high radar-reflecting phase (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Altitude-dependent, high radar-reflectivity surfaces on Venus are observed on most mountainous volcanic terranes above a planetary radius of about 6054 km. However, high radar-reflectivity areas also occur at lower altitudes in some impact craters and plain terranes. Pyrite (FeS2) is commonly believed to be responsible for the high radar reflectivities at high elevations on Venus, on account of large dielectric constants measured for sulfide-bearing rocks that were erroneously attributed to pyrite instead of pyrrhotite. Pentlandite-pyrrhotite assemblages may be responsible for high reflectivities associated with impact craters on the Venusian surface, by analogy with Fe-Ni sulfide deposits occurring in terrestrial astroblemes. Mixed-valence Fe(2+)-Fe(3+) silicates, including oxyhornblende, oxybiotite, and ilvaite, may contribute to high radar reflecting surfaces on mountain-tops of Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 1: A-F; p 233-234
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  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Dehydroxylated clay silicates on Mars: Riddles about the Martian regolith solved with ferrian saponites (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Clay silicates, resulting from the chemical weathering of volcanic glasses and basaltic rocks of Mars, are generally believed to be major constituents of the martian regolith and atmospheric dust. Because little attention has been given to the role, if any, of Mg-bearing clay silicates on the martian surface, the crystal chemistry, stability, and reactivity of Mg-Fe smectites are examined. Partially dehydroxylated ferrian saponites are suggested to be major constituents of the surface of Mars, regulating several properties of the regolith.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., MSATT Workshop on Chemical Weathering on Mars; p 6-7
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  • 6
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    Chemical weathering on Mars: Rate of oxidation of iron dissolved in brines (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Salts believed to occur in Martian regolith imply that brines occur on Mars, which may have facilitated the oxidation of dissolved Fe(2+) ions after they were released during chemical weathering of basaltic ferromagnesian silicate and iron sulfide minerals. Calculations show that the rate of oxidation of Fe(2+) ions at -35 C in a 6M chloride-sulfate brine that might exist on Mars is about 10(exp 6) times slower that the oxidation rate of iron in ice-cold terrestrial seawater.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 1: A-F; p 231-232
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  • 7
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    Cronstedtite and iron sulfide mineralogy of CM-type carbonaceous chondrites from cryogenic Moessbauer spectra (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Determinations of oxidation states and the crystal chemistry of iron-bearing minerals in CM meteorites by Moessbauer spectroscopy are complicated by thermally-induced electron hopping in cronstedtite and by ill-defined contributions from the hydrous iron sulphide phase believed to be tochilinite. Moessbauer spectral measurements at 30 K of several cronstedtite and tochilinite specimens have enabled modal proportions of these minerals, as well as Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) ratios, to be determined quantitatively for a suite of CM-type carbonaceous chondrites that included Murchison, Murray, Cold Bokkeveld, ALH 83100, and LEW 90500.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 1: A-F; p 489-490
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  • 8
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    Mixed-valence iron minerals on Venus: Fe(2+)-Fe(3+) oxides and oxy-silicates formed by surface-atmosphere interactions (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Inferences from these investigations are that Fe(3+)-bearing minerals such as hematite magnesioferrite, acmite, and epidote are thermodynamically unstable, and that magnetite is the predominant mixed-valence iron oxide mineral on venus. Recently, the Fe(2+)-Fe(3+) silicate mineral laihunite was proposed to be a reaction product of olivine with the venusian atmosphere. This possibility is discussed further here. We suggest that other mixed-valence Fe(2+)-Fe(3+)-Oz-OH(-) silicates could also result from surface-atmosphere interactions on Venus. Topics discussed include the following: (1) conversion of hematite to magnetite; (2) stability of laihunite; (3) the possible existence of oxy-amphiboles and oxy-micas on Venus; and (4) other mixed-valence Fe(2+)-Fe(3+) silicates likely to exist on Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Papers Presented to the International Colloquium on Venus; p 15-17
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  • 9
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    The stability of oxyamphiboles: Existence of Ferric-bearing minerals under the reducing conditions on the surface of Venus (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An enigma of Venusian mineralogy is the suggestion that Fe(3+)-bearing minerals exist under the reducing conditions of the Venusian atmosphere. Analysis of the spectrophotometric data from the Venera 13 and 14 missions, combined with the laboratory reflectance spectral measurements of oxidized basalts at elevated temperatures, led to the suggestion that metastable hematite might exist on Venus. Heating experiments at 475 C when f(sub O2) approximately 10(exp -24) demonstrated that the hematite to magnetite conversion is rapid indicating metastable hematite is not present on Venus. In addition to hematite, several other ferric oxide and silicate minerals have been proposed to occur on Venus, including laihunite or ferrifayalite, Fe(3+)-bearing tephroite, oxyamphiboles, and oxybiotites. Heating experiments performed on these Fe(3+)-bearing minerals under temperature-f(sub O2) conditions existing on Venus suggest that only oxyamphiboles and oxybiotites may be stable on the surface of Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 3: N-Z; p 1369-1370
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  • 10
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    Reflectance spectra of sulfate-and carbonate-bearing Fe(3+)-doped montmorillonites as Mars soil analogs (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ferric smectites and ferrihydrite may be common alteration products of igneous lithologies on Mars, and experiments involving montmorillonite enriched with Fe(3+) support the likelihood of ferric smectites on Mars. Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to identify ferrihydrite (Fe4(O,OH,H2O)12) as the primary ferric material in Fe(3+)-doped montmorillonite. Ferrihydrite is especially interesting due to its role as a precursor in the formation of hematite and goethite. Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible and infrared regions are coupled with Mossbauer spectroscopy in this study to characterize the ferric material in montmorillonites containing Fe(3+), as well as carbonates or sulfates, in the interlayer region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 1: A-F; p 115-116
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