ALBERT

Description: Down core marine sediment samples from ODP Site 1240 have been used for the analysis of the C28 and C30 1,14-diols, the C37:2 and C37:3 long chain ketones (alkenones) and the 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol (brassicasterol) as proxies of primary productivity. Alkenones were also used to infer past sea surface temperatures through the unsaturation index UK'37. The C29 n-alkane was measured to obtain information on continental material inputs. δD of C37-alkenones and δ¹⁸O-seawater of Globigerinoides ruber were used as indicators of relative salinity changes. This data has been used for the study of the period between 150 and 110 ka (sediment depth from ca. 13 to 17 m), according to the age model from Rippert et al. (2017).

Description: This data set contains the inputs and the results of the REDD+ Policy Assessment Centre project (REDD-PAC) project (http://www.redd-pac.org), developed by a consortium of research institutes (IIASA, INPE, IPEA, UNEP-WCMC), supported by Germany's International Climate Initiative. Taking a new land use map of Brazil for 2000 as input, the research team used the global economic model GLOBIOM to project land use changes in Brazil up to 2050. Model projections show that Brazil has the potential to balance its goals of protecting the environment and becoming a major global producer of food and biofuels. The model results were taken into account by Brazilian decision-makers when developing the country's intended nationally determined contribution (INDC).

Description: The dominant model of atmospheric circulation posits that hot air rises, creating horizontal winds. A second major driver has recently been proposed by Makarieva and Gorshkov in their biotic pump theory (BPT), which suggests that evapotranspiration from natural closed-canopy forests causes intense condensation, and hence winds from ocean to land. Critics of the BPT argue that air movement to fill the partial vacuum caused by condensation is always isotropic, and therefore causes no net air movement (Bunyard, 2015, hdl:11232/397). This paper explores the physics of water condensation under mild atmospheric conditions, within a purpose-designed square-section 4.8 m-tall closed-system structure. Two enclosed vertical columns are connected at top and bottom by two horizontal tunnels, around which 19.5 m**3 of atmospheric air can circulate freely, allowing rotary airflows in either direction. This air can be cooled and/or warmed by refrigeration pipes and a heating mat, and changes in airflow, temperature, humidity and barometric pressure measured in real time. The study investigates whether the "hot-air-rises" or an implosive condensation model can better explain the results of more than 100 experiments. The data show a highly significant correlation (R2 〉0.96, p value 〈0.001) between observed airflows and partial pressure changes from condensation. While the kinetic energy of the refrigerated air falls short of that required in bringing about observed airflows by a factor of at least 30, less than a tenth of the potential kinetic energy from condensation is shown to be sufficient. The assumption that condensation of water vapour is always isotropic is therefore incorrect. Condensation can be anisotropic, and in the laboratory does cause sustained airflow.

Description: Here we provide the data set obtained as described in detail in Estrany et al. (2020, doi:10.5194/nhess-2019-304); a brief description is presented below. A hydrometric gauging station is located where the Begura de Salma River enters Sant Llorenç des Cardassar, a village located in the northeastern part of Mallorca island (Spain). The station was built by the water authority in the 1970s. After years of abandonment, in 2015 the MEDhyCON Research Group installed within the gauge house a Hobo Water Level U20L-04, which measures the water stage by 1-minute readings, accumulating 15-minute average values. The station is located at the very beginning of the concrete channel that takes the river through the village. Closing a drainage basin of 23 km2, it is located ca. 50 m upstream from the first of the five bridges that cross the river within the village. In the absence of direct flow measurements for Q estimation, a complete two-dimensional hydraulic model was applied with HEC-RAS 5.0.6 software (November 2018 version) in order to establish a stage-discharge rating curve. The hydrological monitoring period was from 10th January 2015 to 31st October 2018, including the catastrophic flash-flood event occurred the 9th October 2018. This gives a series of almost 4 hydrological years.

Description: All data are based on the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides. SST are based on Mg/Ca ratios converted to SST by applying the calibration from Cisneros et al. (2016, doi:10.5194/cp-12-849-2016). Since this calibration was performed on non-reductive cleaned samples and, the Mg/Ca ratios from ALB-2 and MD99-2343 cores were obtained with the full reductive cleaning procedure, Mg/Ca ratios were increased by 12% prior to the calibration application. δ18O are also based in the same planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides. ALB-2 record: A new deglacial and Holocene sea surface temperature (SST) and δ18O reconstructions are presented for the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean) with its age-model. MD99-2343: A new deglacial and Holocene sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction is presented for the Menorca Drift (western Mediterranean). The age-model has been improved from the originally published by Frigola et al. (2007, doi:10.1029/2006PA001307) for the last 17 kyr. MD95-2043: A new deglacial and Holocene sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction is presented for the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean).

Description: Here we provide the data set obtained as described in detail in Estrany et al. (2020, doi:10.5194/nhess-2019-304); a brief description is presented below. A hydrometric gauging station is located where the Begura de Salma River enters Sant Llorenç des Cardassar, a village located in the northeastern part of Mallorca island (Spain). The station was built by the water authority in the 1970s. After years of abandonment, in 2015 the MEDhyCON Research Group installed within the gauge house a Hobo Water Level U20L-04, which measures the water stage by 1-minute readings, accumulating 15-minute average values. The station is located at the very beginning of the concrete channel that takes the river through the village. Closing a drainage basin of 23 km2, it is located ca. 50 m upstream from the first of the five bridges that cross the river within the village. In the absence of direct flow measurements for Q estimation, a complete two-dimensional hydraulic model was applied with HEC-RAS 5.0.6 software (November 2018 version) in order to establish a stage-discharge rating curve. The hydrological monitoring period was from 10th January 2015 to 31st October 2018, including the catastrophic flash-flood event occurred the 9th October 2018. This gives a series of almost 4 hydrological years.

Description: [1] Planktonic d18O and Mg/Ca-derived sea surface temperature (SST) records from the Agulhas Corridor off South Africa display a progressive increase of SST during glacial periods of the last three climatic cycles. The SST increases of up to 4°C coincide with increased abundance of subtropical planktonic foraminiferal marker species which indicates a progressive warming due to an increased influence of subtropical waters at the core sites. Mg/Ca-derived SST maximizes during glacial maxima and glacial Terminations to values about 2.5°C above full-interglacial SST. The paired planktonic d18O and Mg/Ca-derived SST records yield glacial seawater d18O anomalies of up to 0.8 per mill, indicating measurably higher surface salinities during these periods. The SST pattern along our record is markedly different from a UK'37-derived SST record at a nearby core location in the Agulhas Corridor that displays SST maxima only during glacial Terminations. Possible explanations are lateral alkenone advection by the vigorous regional ocean currents or the development of SST contrasts during glacials in association with seasonal changes of Agulhas water transports and lateral shifts of the Agulhas retroflection. The different SST reconstructions derived from UK'37 and Mg/Ca pose a significant challenge to the interpretation of the proxy records and demonstrate that the reconstruction of the Agulhas Current and interocean salt leakage is not as straightforward as previously suggested.