ALBERT

Description: We report the first records of the new species Tedania (Tedaniopsis) rappi (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Tedaniidae) from the Orphan Seamount, between 2999.88 and 3449.629 m in depth.

Description: This data set is predominantly sourced from the National Water Quality Monitoring Council (https://www.waterqualitydata.us/portal) and contains water quality data for the United States as well as climate and other ancillary data. This data was used to develop a model to explain groundwater dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the manuscript "Changes in global groundwater organic carbon driven by climate change and urbanization". Units for variables are included in the file "Units for Variables". --- National Water Quality Monitoring Council water chemistry data (https://www.waterqualitydata.us/portal) was obtained from: Chapelle, F. H., Bradley, P. M., Journey, C. A., & McMahon, P. B. (2013). Assessing the Relative Bioavailability of DOC in Regional Groundwater Systems. Ground water 51(3), doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00987.x. --- Water table depth data obtained from: Fan, Y., Li, H., & Miguez-Macho, G. (2013). Global patterns of groundwater table depth. Science, 339, 940–943, doi:10.1126/science.1229881. --- Climatic data obtained from www.worldclim.org: Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., & Jarvis, A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1965-1978, doi:10.1002/joc.1276. --- Land use data obtained from: Channan, S., Collins, K., & Emanuel, W. R. (2014). Global mosaics of the standard MODIS land cover type data. University of Maryland and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, Maryland, USA. Retrieved from University of Maryland and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. - Friedl, M. A., Sulla-Menasche, D., Tan, B., Schneider, A., Ramankutty, N., Sibley, A., & Huang, X. (n.d.). MODIS Collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets, 2001-2012. Collection 5.1 IGBP Land Cover. Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.

Description: Results and discussion cover pigment analyses of 36 sediment samples recovered by Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 64, and six samples from the Leg 64 site-survey cruise in the Guaymas Basin (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Leg 3). Pigments investigated were tetrapyrroles, tetraterpenoids, and the PAH compound perylene. Traces of mixed nickel and copper ETIO-porphyrins were ubiquitous in all sediment samples, except for the very surface (i.e., 〈2 m sub-bottom), and their presence is taken as an indication of minor influxes of previously oxidized allochthonous (terrestrial) organic matter. Phorbides and chlorins isolated from Site 479 sediment samples (i.e., the oxygen-minimum locale, northeast of the Guaymas Basin) well represent the reductive diagenesis ("Treibs Scheme"; see Baker and Palmer, 1978; Treibs, 1936) of chlorophyll derivatives. Three forms of pheophytin-a, plus a variety of phorbides, were found to give rise to freebase porphyrins, nickel phylloerythrin, and nickel porphyrins, with increasing depth of burial (increasing temperature). Sediments from Sites 481, 10G, and 18G yielded chlorophyll derivatives characteristic of early oxidative alterations. Included among these pigments are allomerized pheophytin-a, purpurin-18, and chlorin-p6. The high thermal gradient imposed upon the late Quaternary sediments of Site 477 greatly accelerated chlorophyll diagenesis in the adjacent overlying sediments, that is, the production of large quantities of free-base desoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin (DPEP) occurred in a section (477-7-5) presently only 49.8 meters sub-bottom. Present depth and age of these sediments are such that only chlorins and phorbides would be expected. Carotenoid (i.e., tetraterpenoids) concentrations were found to decrease rapidly with increasing sub-bottom depth. Less deeply buried sediments (e.g., 0-30 m) yielded mixtures of carotenes and oxygen-substituted carotenoids. Oxygencontaining (oxy-, oxo-, epoxy-) carotenoids were found to be lost preferentially with increased depth of burial. Early carotenoid diagenesis is suggested as involving interacting reductions and dehydrations whereby dehydro-, didehydro-, and retro-carotenes are generated. Destruction of carotenoids as pigments may involve oxidative cleavage of the isoprenoid chain through epoxy intermediates, akin to changes in the senescent cells of plants. Perylene was found to be a common component of the extractable organic matter from all sediments investigated. The generation of alkyl perylenes was found to parallel increases in the existing thermal regime at all sites. Igneous sills and sill complexes within the sediment profile of Site 481 altered (i.e., scrambled) the otherwise straightforward thermally induced alkylation of perylene. The degree of perylene alkylation is proposed as an indicator of geothermal stress for non-contemporaneous marine sediments.

Description: The signature of Dansgaard-Oeschger events - millennial-scale abrupt climate oscillations during the last glacial period - is well established in ice cores and marine records (Labeyrie, 2000, doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1905; Blunier and Brook, 2001, doi:10.1126/science.291.5501.109: Bond et al., 2001, doi:10.1126/science.1065680). But the effects of such events in continental settings are not as clear, and their absolute chronology is uncertain beyond the limit of 14C dating and annual layer counting for marine records and ice cores, respectively. Here we present carbon and oxygen isotope records from a stalagmite collected in southwest France which have been precisely dated using 234U/230Th ratios. We find rapid climate oscillations coincident with the established Dansgaard-Oeschger events between 83,000 and 32,000 years ago in both isotope records. The oxygen isotope signature is similar to a record from Soreq cave, Israel (Bar-Mathews et al., 2000, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00232-6), and deep-sea records (Bond et al., 1993, doi:10.1038/365143a0; Shackleton and Hall, 2001, doi:10.1029/2000PA000513), indicating the large spatial scale of the climate oscillations. The signal in the carbon isotopes gives evidence of drastic and rapid vegetation changes in western Europe, an important site in human cultural evolution. We also find evidence for a long phase of extremely cold climate in southwest France between 61.2 +/-0.6 and 67.4 0.9 kyr ago.

Description: High-precision uranium-thorium mass spectrometric chronology and 18O-13C isotopic analysis of speleothem calcite from Cold Water Cave in northeast Iowa have been used to chart mid-Holocene climate change. Significant shifts in d18O and d13C isotopic values coincide with well-documented Holocene vegetation changes. Temperature estimates based on 18O/16O ratios suggest that the climate warmed rapidly by about 3°C at 5900 years before present and then cooled by 4°C at 3600 years before present. Initiation of a gradual increase in ?d13C at 5900 years before present suggests that turnover of the forest soil biomass was slow and that equilibrium with prairie vegetation was not attained by 3600 years before present.

Description: The selection of metrics for ecosystem restoration programs is critical for improving the quality of monitoring programs and characterizing project success. Moreover it is oftentimes very difficult to balance the importance of multiple ecological, social, and economical metrics. Metric selection process is a complex and must simultaneously take into account monitoring data, environmental models, socio-economic considerations, and stakeholder interests. We propose multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods, broadly defined, for the selection of optimal sets of metrics to enhance evaluation of ecosystem restoration alternatives. Two MCDA methods, a multiattribute utility analysis (MAUT), and a probabilistic multicriteria acceptability analysis (ProMAA), are applied and compared for a hypothetical case study of a river restoration involving multiple stakeholders. Overall, the MCDA results in a systematic, unbiased, and transparent solution, informing restoration alternatives evaluation. The two methods provide comparable results in terms of selected metrics. However, because ProMAA can consider probability distributions for weights and utility values of metrics for each criteria, it is suggested as the best option if data uncertainty is high. Despite the increase in complexity in the metric selection process, MCDA improves upon the current ad-hoc decision practice based on the consultations with stakeholders and experts, and encourages transparent and quantitative aggregation of data and judgement, increasing the transparency of decision making in restoration projects. We believe that MCDA can enhance the overall sustainability of ecosystem by enhancing both ecological and societal needs.

Description: Soil profiles were collected along a transect across the Serengeti ecosystem, in Tanzania from 2-3S and 34-35.5E, 1153 to 1677 m above sea level and 0 to 1.6 m soil depth. The samples are modern soils and the temporal span of the soil depth profiles is unconstrained, likely centuries to millennia. The survey is intended to observe soil microbial lipid biomarkers that are commonly used as proxies for temperature and pH and to assess their robustness in alkaline carbonate-precipitating soil profiles, where soil carbonate proxies can also be applied. These modern calibrations can inform reconstructions of Eastern African paleoenvironments using the same proxies in geological archives. Lipid extractions and purifications were performed at USC in 2018-2019 and abundances of branched and isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers were obtained by high pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, performed in 2020-2021 at the University of Arizona. Contextual data include total dissolved solids and pH measurements at the University of Houston in 2020-2021. For more information, please consult associated manuscript on the GDGTs within these soil profiles: Peaple et al., (2022) Identifying the drivers of GDGT distributions in alkaline soil profiles within the Serengeti ecosystem, Organic Geochemistry, in review. A publication on the bulk organics and compound specific carbon isotopic composition of plant waxes in the same soils: Zhang, et al. (2021) Carbon isotopic composition of plant waxes, bulk organics and carbonates from soils of the Serengeti grasslands, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 311, 316-331, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.07.005. That study includes stable hydrogen isotopic data on plant wax, available from doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.921002. A publication on multiple oxygen isotopes within carbonates in the same soil profiles can be found at: Beverly, E.J., Levin, N.E., Passey, B.H., Aron, P.G., Yarian, D.A., Page, M. and Pelletier, E.M. (2021) Triple oxygen and clumped isotopes in modern soil carbonate along an aridity gradient in the Serengeti, Tanzania. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 567, 116952, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116952. That study includes stable carbon isotopic data on soil carbonates, available from doi:10.5281/zenodo.4919027.