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  • Articles  (140)
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  • Articles  (140)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 47 (1984), S. 611-626 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Detailed stratigraphic analysis of the Green Tuff of Pantelleria shows that this formation can be divided into several members designateda throughh from base to top. These members have a coherent pattern when traced from outcrop to outcrop throughout the island shedding light on their origin. Only memberg completely mantles the entire island. The distribution of the other members is controlled by prevailing wind direction or by topography. Membera is entirely of fall origin. Membersc ande are of fall and/or surge type. Membersb,d, andh have the characteristics of thin welded ash-flow tuffs. Membersf andg are ash-flow tuffs with textural characteristics of compound cooling units. Most of the ash-flow tuffs exhibit characteristics of ignimbrites: vertical fluidization pipes, local concentrations of lithic lapilli, imbrication of clasts, and valley ponding. Memberg is unusual in that it is highly-welded, exhibits large-scale rheomorphic structures, contains huge lithic clasts, and has near-vertical foliation where it adheres to cliffs and caldera walls. Granulometric data from the members identified in the field as ignimbrites confirms this conclusion, as do density profiles through the various members.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Nuclear magnetic resonance ; Electron paramagnetic resonance ; Volcanic glasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Glass samples from alkali-trachytic pumice of the Lower Member (LM, level LM1) and Upper Member (UM) of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff at Campi Flegrei Caldera were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR data show that the relative occupancy of the different iron sites varies in samples from the Lower Member LM1 and Upper Member of the eruptive sequence. The LM1 glasses are characterized by a more homogeneous distribution of the cationic site population of iron compared with UM and by a different Fe3+/Al3+ substitution in the C2v symmetrical sites of the silicate framework. 29Si MAS NMR spectra on glasses indicate that LM1 glasses are more depolymerized than UM glasses, indicating the existence of structurally distinct magma batches. 27Al MAS NMR spectra indicate the occurrence in UM glasses of aluminum in both tetrahedral and octahedral coordination; the observed AlVI is believed to be a primary feature of the glass, since 27Al CP-MAS NMR experiments do not reveal detectable esa-hydrated Al. The Al in sixfold coordination could be ascribed either to the more abundant alkali–OH terminations in UM, in which alkalies would be extracted from their charge-balance role for Al, thus altering its fourfold structural position, or to permanent compaction during fast cooling and decompression of high-pressure melts. 23Na CP-MAS NMR experiments indicate the existence of Na–OH groups in both LM1 and UM glasses, relatively more abundant in the latter. Although preliminary, the results indicate the possible application of atomic-scale studies to variables that determine the regimes of explosive volcanism.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 80 (1991), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Many of the least eighty eruptions of the six silicic eruptive cycles in the last 50 ka at Pantelleria started out with explosive phases and ended with lava effusion. The pyroclastic rocks are rhyolitic in composition while the later-erupted lavas are less evolved up to trachyte probably due to the presence of a shallow and compositionally zoned magma chamber tapped at increasing depth during the eruptions. The products of twenty explosive eruptions have been recognized. Most of them are represented by fallout deposits, the only exceptions being the Green Tuff and the Fossa Carbonara Tuff. Hydromagmatism is very rare though the magmas interacted with sea water. It is supposed that interaction was not efficient because the magmas were not vesiculated and disrupted. Horizons showing variable degrees of welding up to vitrophyres, have often been identified in the air-fall tuffs. Most of the eruptions were characterized by low eruptive columns and were likely to have involved a strombolian-type mechanism.
    Abstract: Résumé Parmi les 80 éruptions des 6 cycles d'éruptions acides qui ont affecté Pantelleria au cours des 50.000 dernières années, les plus faibles ont commencé par une phase explosive et se sont achevées par des effusions de laves. La composition des roches pyroclastiques est rhyolitique tandis que celle des laves ultérieures, moins évoluées, est trachytique. Ce fait est dû probablement à la présence d'une chambre magmatique peu profonde à zonage compositionnel, dont des parties de plus en plus profondes ont alimenté les phases successives des éruptions. Les produits de 20 éruptions explosives ont été identifiés. La plupart d'entre eux sont des dépôts de retombée directe, avec comme seules exceptions le «Green Tuff» et le «Fossa Carbonara Tuff». Les manifestations hydromagmatiques sont très rares, en dépit du fait que le magma a dû être en contact avec l'eau de mer. On suppose que leur interaction a été réduite parce que le magma n'était ni vésiculaire, ni dilacéré. Dans les dépôts formés par retombées aériennes, on a identifié à de multiples reprises des horizons de tufs soudés à des degrés divers, jusqu'à celui des vitrophyres. La plupart des éruptions ont présenté des colonnes éruptives peu élevées et ont probablement développé un mécanisme strombolien.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die schwächsten der 80 Ausbrüche der sechs sauren Eruptionszyklen bei Pantelleria wurden innerhalb der letzten 50000 Jahre eingeleitet durch explosive Phasen und endeten mit gleichmäßigem Lavaausfluß. Die Zusammensetzung der Pyroklastika ist rhyolitisch, die der späteren Laven eher trachytisch. Die Ursache für diesen unterschiedlichen Chemismus ist wahrscheinlich eine vertikal in der Zusammensetzung zonierte Magmenkammer in geringer Tiefe, die während der Ausbrüche aus immer tiefer gelegenen Bereichen angezapft wurde. Von 20 explosiven Ausbrüchen konnten charakteristische Auswurfprodukte gefunden werden. Dabei handelt es sich meist um Schlacken- und Lavaauswurf, als Ausnahmen existieren der »Green Tuff« und der »Fossa Cabonara Tuff«. Hydromagmatische Vorgänge sind äußerst selten, obwohl das Magma mit Meerwasser in Kontakt gekommen sein muß. Die Annahme, daß keine Reaktion zwischen Magma und Meerwasser stattgefunden hat, beruht auf der blasenfreien und nicht zerrissenen Erhaltung. Innerhalb der Tuffite gibt es mehrere Horizonte unterschiedlicher Verschweißungsstufen bis hin zu Vitrophyren. Die meisten der Ausbrüche hatten niedrige Eruptionssäulen und beinhalteten strombolianische Tätigkeit.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 276 (1978), S. 604-606 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Tectonic sketch map of northern Italy. 1, Palaeogene and Neogene Europe-verging Alpine nappes; 2, main upper Tertiary-Quaternary volcanoes; 3, European front of the Alpine chain; 4, front of the Apennines; 5, front of the carbonate units in the northern and central Apennines. The northern ...
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The major, trace (including rare earth) element abundances, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions, have been analysed for andesitic basalt and andesitic sills and lavas of the Jurassic Ferrar Magmatic Province, Prince Albert Mountains, Antarctica. The typical “crustal signature” of the Ferrar magmatism, characterized by relatively high SiO2, LREE and LILE contents in these samples, is associated with high 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd. Systematic correlations of major and trace elements indicate that fractional crystallization was important. However, increases in incompatible elements are positively correlated with initial 87Sr/86Sr, suggestive of crustal assimilation processes. The observed correlations between initial 87Sr/86Sr and LREE enrichments have been modelled by an AFC process, starting from the least evolved sample and assuming the compositions of the orthogranulites of Victoria Land as contaminants. The REE patterns of the least evolved Ferrar rocks approach those of E-type MORB, differing only by higher LREE/IREE. The enrichment in LREE, accompanying high initial 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/204Pb and low 143Nd/144Nd compared with E-type MORB, can be explained by interaction of “primary Ferrar basalt” with crystalline basement. We propose a petrological model whereby Ferrar magmas were generated through high degrees of melting of an E-type MORB mantle source, and subsequently these “primary” melts underwent AFC processes inheriting a crustal signature. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions required by the AFC model for the primary Ferrar basalt are similar to those of the Dupal signature of the oceanic basalts of the Southern Hemisphere (Hart 1984). Transantarctic Mountains would have been located inside the Dupal anomaly in pre-Gondwana dispersion times.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 50 (1988), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Six silicic eruptive cycles have been recognized in the last 50 ka at Pantelleria. The products of each cycle exhibit a compositional variation from pantellerite to less peralkaline rhyolite or to trachyte. The relationships between the range of chemical variation, the erupted volume and the time of eruptions, allow us to estimate an average differentiation rate of 5% crystal fractionation per 1000 years and a constant long-term rate of magma discharge of 0.1 km3 per 1000 years. Pressure increase in the magma chamber caused by the addition of new magma, accumulation of highly-differentiated, volatile-rich magma in the roof zone and a concomitant build-up of a vapour phase, is postulated as a possible triggering mechanism for eruptions.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Cloud model ; airflow model ; cloud chemistry ; cloud microphysics ; aerosols ; Henry's Law ; nitric acid ; cloud-water acidity ; turbulence ; mixing ; scavenging ; Kleiner Feldberg ; GCE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The airflow, cloud microphysics and gas- and aqueous-phase chemistry on Kleiner Feldberg have been modelled for the case study of the evening of 1 November 1990, in order to calculate parameters that are not easily measured in the cloud and thus to aid the interpretation of the GCE experimental data-set. An airflow model has been used to produce the updraught over complex terrain for the cloud model, with some care required to ensure realistic modelling of the strong stable stratification of the atmosphere. An extensive set of measurements has been made self-consistent and used to calculate gas and aerosol input parameters for the model. A typical run of the cloud model has calculated a peak supersaturation of 0.55% which occurs about 20 s after entering cloud where the updraught is 0.6 m s−1. This figure has been used to calculate the efficiency with which aerosol particles were scavenged; it is higher than that calculated by other methods, and produces a cloud with slightly too many droplets. A broad cloud droplet size spectrum has been produced by varying the model inputs to simulate turbulent mixing and fluctuations in cloud parameters in space and time, and the ability of mixing processes near cloud-base to produce a lower peak supersaturation is discussed. The scavenging of soluble gases by cloud droplets has been observed and departures from Henry's Law in bulk cloud-water samples seen to be caused by variation of pH across the droplet spectrum and the inability of diffusion to adjust initial distributions of highly soluble substances across the spectrum in the time available. Aqueous-phase chemistry has been found to play a minor role in the cloud as modelled, but circumstances in which these processes would be more important are identified.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: orographic clouds ; cloud chemistry and microphysics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An overview is given of the Kleiner Feldberg cloud experiment performed from 27 October until 13 November 1990. The experiment was carried out by numerous European research groups as a joint effort within the EUROTRAC-GCE project in order to study the interaction of cloud droplets with atmospheric trace constituents. After a description of the observational site and the measurements which were performed, the general cloud formation mechanisms encountered during the experiment are discussed. Special attention is given here to the process of moist adiabatic lifting. Furthermore, an overview is given regarding the pollutant levels in the gas phase, the particulate and the liquid phase, and some major findings are presented with respect to the experimental objectives. Finally, a first comparison attempts to put the results obtained during this campaign into perspective with the previous GCE field campaign in the Po Valley.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-11-12
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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