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  • Articles  (371)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of colony development for the characterization of bacterial communities in soil and on roots (1994)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 27 (1994), S. 81-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple agar plating method for the description of microbial communities is described. This method is based on the quantification of the numbers of bacterial colonies in 6–7 age-based classes as they appear on agar media over a period of 6–10 days. The method can be used to quantify microbial communities in different habitats (roots and soil) and can be related to the ecophysiology of the microbial communities present. Significant differences in distribution patterns were found in time and depth on the roots. In general, as roots matured, the microbial communities changed from one dominated by r-strategists to one that was more distributed towards K-strategists. The soil had the greatest percentage of organisms that could be characterized as K-strategists. The method was also used to compare microbial communities on wheat roots and in soil in both the field and in microcosms in the glasshouse. In general, the method enabled differentiation between r- and K-strategists in environmental samples, something that could not be done using an ecophysiological index (a modification of the Shannon diversity index) or total bacterial numbers alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1986)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 12 (1986), S. 313-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02011174
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the microbial biomass in intact cores of soil (1981)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 7 (1981), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fumigation/respiration technique was used to estimate the size of the soil microbial biomass. Sieving decreased the biomass in winter but increased it in summer; we suggest that this was a consequence of the different substrates available and the different microbial populations during the year. The flush in respiration following fumigation correlated significantly with the CO2-C produced 10 days after fumigation (X), so that in the soils studied by us the biomass (B) can be calculated from Bk=0.673X−3.53, wherek is the fraction of fumigated organisms mineralized to CO2, thus avoiding the need to measure CO2 production from unfumigated cores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010305
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Trichoderma on plant growth: A balance between inhibition and growth promotion (1993)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 26 (1993), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of lettuce (Latuca sativa L.) germination and growth in nonsterilized potting compost of 0.1% and 1.0% w/w incorporation of fermenter biomass inocula of six strains of Trichoderma was investigated. Except for strains WT and T35 at 0.1 % w/w, all inocula inhibited germination. Biomass of strains WT, T35, 20, and 47 at 1.0% promoted shoot fresh weight, whereas strains TH1 and 8MF2 were inhibitory. In contrast, when biomass of strains WT, TH1, and 8MF2 was autoclaved and incorporated at 1%, shoot fresh weight was promoted, but the biomass of T35 was inhibitory. None of the strains incorporated at 0.1 % w/w increased shoot fresh weight, and autoclaved biomass of TH1, T35, and 20 incorporated at 0.1% w/w resulted in lower shoot fresh weights in comparison with uninoculated controls. The shoot dry weight of lettuce seedlings could be enhanced by germinating seeds in uninoculated compost and after five days' growth transferring them into WT-inoculated compost. Inoculum of strain TH1 when applied using this method was very inhibitory. With WT the degree of increase in shoot fresh weight and germination rate declined as the fermentation time to produce inocula was increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176959
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substrate Concentration and Plasmid Transfer Frequency between Bacteria in a Model Rhizosphere (2000)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 40 (2000), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of substrate concentration on plasmid transfer frequency in the rhizosphere was investigated using a physical model employing a hollow fiber membrane instead of a real root. The absolute number of transconjugants produced increased with increasing substrate (glucose) concentration, but the plasmid transfer frequency decreased exponentially with increasing substrate concentration from 4.4 × 10-3 at 90 μg ml-1 glucose to 1.35 × 10-5 at 3600 μg ml-1 glucose. These results were found to be heavily dependant on donor to recipient ratio and distribution of strains, but independent of initial donor and recipient inoculum density and regime. These observations also show that plasmid transfer frequency is reduced at high substrate concentrations, which suggests that plasmid transfer is either stimulated when growth limiting nutrient is scarce or inhibited when it is abundant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248000043
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The permeation of organic cations through cAMP-gated channels in mammalian olfactory receptor neurons (1995)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 146 (1995), S. 177-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Olfactory receptor neuron ; Dendritic knob ; CyclicAMP ; Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel ; Monovalent organic cations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The permeation of monovalent organic cations through adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate-(cAMP) activated channels was studied by recording macroscopic currents in excised inside-out membrane patches from the dendritic knobs of isolated mammalian olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Current-voltage relations were measured when bathing solution Na+ was replaced by monovalent organic cations. Permeability ratios relative to Na+ ions were calculated from changes in reversal potentials. Some of the small organic cations tested included ammonium (NH 4 + ), hydroxylammonium and formamidinium, with relative permeability ratios of 1.41, 2.3 and 1.01 respectively. The larger methylated and ethylated ammonium ions studied included: DMA (dimethylammonium), TMA (tetramethylammonium) and TEA (tetraethylammonium) and they all had permeability ratios larger than 0.09. Even large cations such as choline, arginine and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) were appreciably permeant through the cAMP-activated channel with permeability ratios ranging from 0.19 to 0.7. The size of the permeating cations, as assessed by molecular weight, was a good predictor of the permeability. The permeability sequence of the cAMP-activated channel in our study was PNH4 〉 PNa 〉 pDMA 〉 pTMA 〉 PCholine 〉 PTEA. Higher permeability ratios of hydroxylammonium, arginine and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane cannot be explained by ionic size alone. Our results indicate that: (i) cAMP-activated channels poorly select between monovalent cations; (ii) the pore dimension must be at least 6.5 × 6.5 Å, in order to allow TEA and Tris to permeate and (iii) molecular sieving must be an important mechanism for the permeation of large organic ions through the channels with specific ion binding playing a smaller role than in other structurally similar channels. In addition, the results clearly indicate that cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in different cells are not the same, the olfactory CNG channel being different from that of the photoreceptors, particularly with respect to the permeation of large organic cations, which the ORN channels allow to permeate readily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238007
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polysaccharide synthesis by capsular microorganisms in coculture with cellulolytic fungi on straw and stabilization of soil aggregates (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microorganisms ; Polysaccharide ; SoilStabilization ; Straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies using cocultures of a cellulolytic fungus with a capsular organism show that microbial polysaccharides can be synthesized during the degradation of wheat straw. Polysaccharide accounted for up to 1.6% (w/w) of the initial straw weight but the sugar composition and viscosity indicated that a large fraction was low molecular weight material of plant origin. Nevertheless several cocultures produced sufficient microbial polysaccharide effectively to stabilize aggregates of Hamble silt loam. This correlated significantly with increased viscosity and also stabilization of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash. Four cocultures, Sordaria alcina with two strains of Enterobacter cloacae and a Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma harzianum with E. cloacae, were significantly more effective than a natural inoculum from straw. Inoculation of straw to produce a “compost” which can increase the stability of poorly structured soils is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301784
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma, Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp. (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Lettuce ; Damping-off ; Biocontrol ; Trichoderma ; Enterobacter ; Gliocladium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×105 viable propagules g-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341482
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of field-grown sugar beet inoculated with the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Enzymatic activities ; Biocontrol inoculant ; Pseudomonas ; Risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, which produces the antimicrobial compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, is a prospective biocontrol agent. Soil enzyme activities were used to investigate the ecological impact of strain F113 in the rhizosphere of field-grown sugar beet. There were distinct trends in rhizosphere enzyme activities in relation to soil chemistry [determined by electro-ultrafiltration (EUF)]. The activities of enzymes from the P cycle (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase) and of arylsulphatase were negatively correlated with the amount of readily available P, whereas urease activity was positively correlated with the latter. Significant correlations between nutrient levels determined by EUF and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere were obtained, highlighting the usefulness of enzyme assays to document variations in soil nutrient cycling. Contrary to previous microcosm studies, which did not investigate plants grown to maturity, the biocontrol inoculant had no effect on enzyme activities or on soil chemistry in the rhizosphere. The results showed the importance of using homogenous soil microcosm systems, also employed in previous work, for risk assessment studies, whereby the effects of inherent soil variability were minimised, and effects of the pseudomonad on soil enzymology could be detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050397
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Varietal and fertilizer effects on straw phytotoxins (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 109-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Straw ; Phytotoxins ; Acetic Acid ; Wheat ; Barley ; Cultivar ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Acetic acid production over 10 days from fresh barley straw was greater than that from fresh wheat straw, but there were only minor consistent differences between different cultivars. The effect depended on the soil type on which the straw had been produced and acid production was greatest with the largest amounts of N fertilizer which had been used. The fertilizer also affected the C:N ratio of the straw
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257588
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