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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Integrated Path and Timing Analysis Method based on Cycle-Level Symbolic Execution (1999)
    Springer
    Real-time systems 17 (1999), S. 183-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1383
    Keywords: Real-time systems ; worst-case execution time ; timing analysis ; path analysis ; symbolic execution ; multiple-issue processor ; caches ; architecture simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Previously published methods for estimation of the worst-case execution time on high-performance processors with complex pipelines and multi-level memory hierarchies result in overestimations owing to insufficient path and/or timing analysis. This does not only give rise to poor utilization of processing resources but also reduces the schedulability in real-time systems. This paper presents a method that integrates path and timing analysis to accurately predict the worst-case execution time for real-time programs on high-performance processors. The unique feature of the method is that it extends cycle-level architectural simulation techniques to enable symbolic execution with unknown input data values; it uses alternative instruction semantics to handle unknown operands. We show that the method can exclude many infeasible (or non-executable) program paths and can calculate path information, such as bounds on number of loop iterations, without the need for manual annotations of programs. Moreover, the method is shown to accurately analyze timing properties of complex features in high-performance processors using multiple-issue pipelines and instruction and data caches. The combined path and timing analysis capability is shown to derive exact estimates of the worst-case execution time for six out of seven programs in our benchmark suite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008138407139
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validation of Different Microdialysis Methods for the Determination of Unbound Steady-State Concentrations of Theophylline in Blood and Brain Tissue (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 1592-1598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: microdialysis ; methods ; theophylline ; pharmacokinetics ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three microdialysis methods, the “tritium” method, the “point-of-no-net-flux” method, and a method using the low perfusion rate of 0.1 µl/min, were compared with respect to their ability to generate estimates of unbound steady-state concentrations (Cuss) of the antiasthmatic drug theophylline in blood and brain tissue in anesthetized rats. Concomitantly, the influence of the perfusion flow rate on the estimated extracellular Cuss obtained with the point-of-no-net-flux method was investigated. Theophylline was administered as a rapid intravenous bolus dose followed by constant intravenous infusion. Changes in perfusion flow rate from 2.0 to 0.75 µl/min and, finally, to 0.25 µl/min, using the point-of-no-net-flux method, had no significant effect on the estimated Cuss of theophylline in blood and striatum. This observation, particularly in the case of brain tissue, is not consistent with the theory that the process of dialysis drains a significant amount of substance from the immediate vicinity of the dialysis probe. Similar estimates of Cuss in blood as well as in brain tissue were obtained with all three methods. Their accuracy in estimating Cuss in blood was further strengthened by observations of unbound fractions similar to those reported in the literature. Furthermore, all three methods gave striatum/blood ratios at steady state of approximately 0.5, indicating that there is active transport of theophylline from brain tissue. It is concluded that the tritium method, when validated, can be used to study the time course of unbound drug concentrations in blood and tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015816509140
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential Use of Microdialysis in Pharmacokinetics: A Protein Binding Study (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: microdialysis ; protein binding ; aminoglutethimide ; furosemide ; phenytoin ; disopyramide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018960617549
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  • 4
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    Evidence of crustal contamination of mafic rocks associated with rapakivi rocks: an example from the Nordingrå complex, Central Sweden (2001)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-01
    Description: Gabbro and leucogabbro are volumetrically important rocks in the Nordingrå rapakivi complex, East Central Sweden. Plagioclase, ortho- and clinopyroxenes, and olivine dominate the gabbro. Perthitic orthoclase and quartz are interstitial in relation to the major minerals. The present work is based on 232 major-element and a large number of trace element analyses together with 15 whole rock Sm–Nd isotope analyses of the Nordingrå gabbroic rocks. εNd(T) values are negative, −1.1 to −3.2; the most negative values come from the gabbro. Most rocks are enriched in iron, some extremely enriched; none represent primitive mantle melts. The range of Mg-numbers is the same in the gabbro and the leucogabbro. Plots of the Ni-content vs. the Mg-number are scattered, but there is a positive correlation between these two parameters. The primary mantle-normalized ratios between similar trace elements are normally strongly different from one. Values larger as well as smaller than one are found for the same ratio in different rocks. The rare earth elements are only weakly fractionated with small Eu anomalies, negative for the gabbros and positive for the leucogabbros. The primary magma of the Nordingrå gabbro-anorthosite is thought to have been derived from a mildly depleted mantle source. Variations in the degree of partial melting of a reasonably homogeneous enriched mantle do not explain the observed chemical evolution. Crystal differentiation can account for some geochemical features, especially the Fe-enrichment. Crustal contamination is required by other characteristics as, for example, the negative εNd(T) values and the irregular and sometimes high primary-mantle normalized incompatible trace-element ratios. Al-rich relic material from the formation of the rapakivi granite melt is another source of assimilation. Most probably contaminants are heterogeneous, including undepleted crust (represented, for example, by early Svecofennian and Archaean granitoids), depleted crust (restitic after rapakivi magma extraction), and to some degree the associated rapakivi magma itself. Significant parts of this crust should be Archaean in age.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7568
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5081
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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