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  • Articles  (114)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-09-16
    Description: The hexactinellids are a diverse group of predominantly deep sea sponges that synthesize elaborate fibrous skeletal systems of amorphous hydrated silica. As a representative example, members of the genus Euplectella have proved to be useful model systems for investigating structure–function relationships in these hierarchically ordered siliceous network-like composites. Despite recent...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-10-10
    Description: Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) are the two prominent pathways responsible for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). NHEJ is not restricted to a cell-cycle stage, whereas HR is active primarily in the S/G2 phases suggesting there are cell cycle-specific mechanisms that play a role in the choice between NHEJ and HR. Here we show NHEJ is attenuated in S phase via modulation of the autophosphorylation status of the NHEJ factor DNA-PKcs at serine 2056 by the pro-HR factor BRCA1. BRCA1 interacts with DNA-PKcs in a cell cycle-regulated manner and this interaction is mediated by the tandem BRCT domain of BRCA1, but surprisingly in a phospho-independent manner. BRCA1 attenuates DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation via directly blocking the ability of DNA-PKcs to autophosphorylate. Subsequently, blocking autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at the serine 2056 phosphorylation cluster promotes HR-required DNA end processing and loading of HR factors to DSBs and is a possible mechanism by which BRCA1 promotes HR.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Increasing demand for higher energy efficiency calls for waste heat recovery technology. Thus, facilitating practical thermoelectric generation systems is strongly desired. One option is enhancing the thermoelectric power factor, 〈i〉S〈/i〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/〈i〉r〈/i〉, where 〈i〉S〈/i〉 is the Seebeck coefficient and 〈i〉r〈/i〉 is the electrical resistivity, although it is still challenging because of the trade-off between 〈i〉S〈/i〉 and 〈i〉r〈/i〉. We demonstrate that enhanced 〈i〉S〈/i〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/〈i〉r〈/i〉 can be achieved by incorporating magnetic interaction in ferromagnetic metals via the spin fluctuation arising from itinerant electrons. We show that electron-doped Heusler alloys exhibit weak ferromagnetism at 〈i〉T〈/i〉〈sub〉C〈/sub〉 near room temperature with a small magnetic moment. A pronounced enhancement around 〈i〉T〈/i〉〈sub〉C〈/sub〉 was observed, with a 20% improvement in the power factor from the case where spin fluctuation is suppressed by applying magnetic field. This result supports the merit of using spin fluctuation to further enhance thermoelectric properties and the potential to further probe correlations and synergy between magnetic and thermoelectric fields.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-07-28
    Description: Shear failure is the dominant mode of earthquake-causing rock failure along faults. High fluid pressure can also potentially induce rock failure by opening cavities and cracks, but an active example of this process has not been directly observed in a fault zone. Using borehole array data collected along the low-stress Chelungpu fault zone, Taiwan, we observed several small seismic events (I-type events) in a fluid-rich permeable zone directly below the impermeable slip zone of the 1999 moment magnitude 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake. Modeling of the events suggests an isotropic, nonshear source mechanism likely associated with natural hydraulic fractures. These seismic events may be associated with the formation of veins and other fluid features often observed in rocks surrounding fault zones and may be similar to artificially induced hydraulic fracturing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, Kuo-Fong -- Lin, Yen-Yu -- Lee, Shiann-Jong -- Mori, Jim -- Brodsky, Emily E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 27;337(6093):459-63. doi: 10.1126/science.1222119.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics, National Central University, Taiwan, Republic of China. fong@ncu.edu.tw〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22837526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2013-02-09
    Description: The 2011 moment magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake produced a maximum coseismic slip of more than 50 meters near the Japan trench, which could result in a completely reduced stress state in the region. We tested this hypothesis by determining the in situ stress state of the frontal prism from boreholes drilled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program approximately 1 year after the earthquake and by inferring the pre-earthquake stress state. On the basis of the horizontal stress orientations and magnitudes estimated from borehole breakouts and the increase in coseismic displacement during propagation of the rupture to the trench axis, in situ horizontal stress decreased during the earthquake. The stress change suggests an active slip of the frontal plate interface, which is consistent with coseismic fault weakening and a nearly total stress drop.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Weiren -- Conin, Marianne -- Moore, J Casey -- Chester, Frederick M -- Nakamura, Yasuyuki -- Mori, James J -- Anderson, Louise -- Brodsky, Emily E -- Eguchi, Nobuhisa -- Expedition 343 Scientists -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):687-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1229379.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Nankoku, Japan. lin@jamstec.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: The frictional resistance on a fault during slip controls earthquake dynamics. Friction dissipates heat during an earthquake; therefore, the fault temperature after an earthquake provides insight into the level of friction. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 and 343T) installed a borehole temperature observatory 16 months after the March 2011 moment magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake across the fault where slip was ~50 meters near the trench. After 9 months of operation, the complete sensor string was recovered. A 0.31 degrees C temperature anomaly at the plate boundary fault corresponds to 27 megajoules per square meter of dissipated energy during the earthquake. The resulting apparent friction coefficient of 0.08 is considerably smaller than static values for most rocks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fulton, P M -- Brodsky, E E -- Kano, Y -- Mori, J -- Chester, F -- Ishikawa, T -- Harris, R N -- Lin, W -- Eguchi, N -- Toczko, S -- Expedition 343, 343T, and KR13-08 Scientists -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1214-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1243641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-07-03
    Description: Permeability controls fluid flow in fault zones and is a proxy for rock damage after an earthquake. We used the tidal response of water level in a deep borehole to track permeability for 18 months in the damage zone of the causative fault of the 2008 moment magnitude 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. The unusually high measured hydraulic diffusivity of 2.4 x 10(-2) square meters per second implies a major role for water circulation in the fault zone. For most of the observation period, the permeability decreased rapidly as the fault healed. The trend was interrupted by abrupt permeability increases attributable to shaking from remote earthquakes. These direct measurements of the fault zone reveal a process of punctuated recovery as healing and damage interact in the aftermath of a major earthquake.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xue, Lian -- Li, Hai-Bing -- Brodsky, Emily E -- Xu, Zhi-Qing -- Kano, Yasuyuki -- Wang, Huan -- Mori, James J -- Si, Jia-Liang -- Pei, Jun-Ling -- Zhang, Wei -- Yang, Guang -- Sun, Zhi-Ming -- Huang, Yao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 28;340(6140):1555-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1237237.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. lxue3@ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; *Disasters ; *Earthquakes ; *Groundwater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-12-07
    Description: Large coseismic slip was thought to be unlikely to occur on the shallow portions of plate-boundary thrusts, but the 11 March 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake [moment magnitude (Mw) = 9.0] produced huge displacements of ~50 meters near the Japan Trench with a resultant devastating tsunami. To investigate the mechanisms of the very large fault movements, we conducted high-velocity (1.3 meters per second) friction experiments on samples retrieved from the plate-boundary thrust associated with the earthquake. The results show a small stress drop with very low peak and steady-state shear stress. The very low shear stress can be attributed to the abundance of weak clay (smectite) and thermal pressurization effects, which can facilitate fault slip. This behavior provides an explanation for the huge shallow slip that occurred during the earthquake.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ujiie, Kohtaro -- Tanaka, Hanae -- Saito, Tsubasa -- Tsutsumi, Akito -- Mori, James J -- Kameda, Jun -- Brodsky, Emily E -- Chester, Frederick M -- Eguchi, Nobuhisa -- Toczko, Sean -- Expedition 343 and 343T Scientists -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 6;342(6163):1211-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1243485.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-05-04
    Description: Sex-determining regions (SDRs) or mating-type ( MT ) loci in two sequenced volvocine algal species, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Volvox carteri , exhibit major differences in size, structure, gene content, and gametolog differentiation. Understanding the origin of these differences requires investigation of MT loci from related species. Here, we determined the sequences of the minus and plus MT haplotypes of the isogamous 16-celled volvocine alga, Gonium pectorale , which is more closely related to the multicellular V. carteri than to C. reinhardtii . Compared to C. reinhardtii MT , G. pectorale MT is moderately larger in size, and has a less complex structure, with only two major syntenic blocs of collinear gametologs. However, the gametolog content of G. pectorale MT has more overlap with that of V. carteri MT than with C. reinhardtii MT , while the allelic divergence between gametologs in G. pectorale is even lower than that in C. reinhardtii . Three key sex-related genes are conserved in G. pectorale MT : GpMID and GpMTD1 in MT –, and GpFUS1 in MT +. GpFUS1 protein exhibited specific localization at the plus -gametic mating structure, indicating a conserved function in fertilization. Our results suggest that the G. pectorale–V. carteri common ancestral MT experienced at least one major reformation after the split from C. reinhardtii , and that the V. carteri ancestral MT underwent a subsequent expansion and loss of recombination after the divergence from G. pectorale . These data begin to polarize important changes that occurred in volvocine MT loci, and highlight the potential for discontinuous and dynamic evolution in SDRs.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1993-04-09
    Description: The Landers earthquake, which had a moment magnitude (M(w)) of 7.3, was the largest earthquake to strike the contiguous United States in 40 years. This earthquake resulted from the rupture of five major and many minor right-lateral faults near the southern end of the eastern California shear zone, just north of the San Andreas fault. Its M(w) 6.1 preshock and M(w) 6.2 aftershock had their own aftershocks and foreshocks. Surficial geological observations are consistent with local and far-field seismologic observations of the earthquake. Large surficial offsets (as great as 6 meters) and a relatively short rupture length (85 kilometers) are consistent with seismological calculations of a high stress drop (200 bars), which is in turn consistent with an apparently long recurrence interval for these faults.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sieh, K -- Jones, L -- Hauksson, E -- Hudnut, K -- Eberhart-Phillips, D -- Heaton, T -- Hough, S -- Hutton, K -- Kanamori, H -- Lilje, A -- Lindvall, S -- McGill, S F -- Mori, J -- Rubin, C -- Spotila, J A -- Stock, J -- Thio, H K -- Treiman, J -- Wernicke, B -- Zachariasen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 9;260(5105):171-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17807175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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