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  • Articles  (54)
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  • 1
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    CO2 sequestration in a UK North Sea analogue for geological carbon storage (2013)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-22
    Description: The Fizzy discovery, a southern North Sea (UK) gas accumulation with ~50% natural CO 2 content, provides an opportunity to study the long-term quantity of CO 2 -related mineral reaction as an analogue for engineered CO 2 storage. The reservoir contains diagenetic dolomite typical of the formation; to identify and quantify any sequestration-related dolomite is challenging. To this end, CO 2 was extracted by stepwise extraction from dolomite from both the Fizzy discovery and equivalent sandstones from a low-CO 2 location. Between 0% and 22% of the dolomite in the Fizzy discovery precipitated due to the high CO 2 concentration. This corresponds to 11% ± 8% of the recent high-CO 2 charge sequestered as dolomite, a relatively low proportion after ~50 m.y. of potential CO 2 -water-rock interaction.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 2
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    Assessing the health risks of natural CO2 seeps in Italy (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-12
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Assessing the health risks of natural CO2 seeps in Italy [Environmental Sciences] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-05
    Description: Industrialized societies which continue to use fossil fuel energy sources are considering adoption of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to meet carbon emission reduction targets. Deep geological storage of CO2 onshore faces opposition regarding potential health effects of CO2 leakage from storage sites. There is no experience of commercial scale CCS with which to verify predicted risks of engineered storage failure. Studying risk from natural CO2 seeps can guide assessment of potential health risks from leaking onshore CO2 stores. Italy and Sicily are regions of intense natural CO2 degassing from surface seeps. These seeps exhibit a variety of expressions, characteristics (e.g., temperature/flux), and location environments. Here we quantify historical fatalities from CO2 poisoning using a database of 286 natural CO2 seeps in Italy and Sicily. We find that risk of human death is strongly influenced by seep surface expression, local conditions (e.g., topography and wind speed), CO2 flux, and human behavior. Risk of accidental human death from these CO2 seeps is calculated to be 10-8 year-1 to the exposed population. This value is significantly lower than that of many socially accepted risks. Seepage from future storage sites is modeled to be less that Italian natural flux rates. With appropriate hazard management, health risks from unplanned seepage at onshore storage sites can be adequately minimized.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Oil charge preserves exceptional porosity in deeply buried, overpressured, sandstones: Central North Sea, UK (2011)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-26
    Description: : Exceptionally high-porosity sandstones are reported from oil provinces worldwide, yet the mechanism of porosity preservation remains controversial. We present strong evidence that the exceptional porosities in the Jurassic Fulmar Formation within the North Sea are the result of early oil charging preventing cementation and chemical compaction in sands with relatively low detrital clay contents, although overpressure and grain coatings do have some effect. The most dramatic evidence that reservoir quality is related to early oil charge is the spatial distribution of the porosity: the maximum porosity of the Fulmar Formation is systematically highest immediately below the top seal, and decreases below this despite uniform sedimentology. Hence, porosity is preferentially preserved where oil first accumulated in these unusually homogeneous overpressured reservoir sandstones, at the top. Oil charge prevents or significantly retards chemical compaction and cementation of a reservoir, preserving porosity. There is independent evidence for early oil charging of reservoirs within the Central Graben, from fluid inclusion studies and K–Ar age dates of authigenic illite. Micro-quartz grain coatings, which have been proposed to preserve porosity during burial, are associated with only 5% extra porosity in sands that exceed the worldwide average sandstone porosity by almost 20%.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 5
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    Deep burial dissolution of K-feldspars in a fluvial sandstone, Pentland Formation, UK Central North Sea (2014)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-02
    Description: The Pentland Formation of the UK Central North Sea is a quartzite in a sequence of more arkosic sandstones. Provenance-sensitive heavy mineral indices are interpreted to indicate that it was probably derived by erosion of arkosic sediments, which also supplied the arkosic marine sandstones of the contemporaneous Fulmar Formation. A lack of apatite within the Pentland Formation suggests that the feldspars could have dissolved during exposure to groundwaters during very shallow burial. However, petrographic and geochemical evidence supports survival of at least some of the feldspar to burial depths in excess of at least 2 km, when the sandstones had been stabilized against compaction by quartz cements or overpressure. Abundant kaolin, which has not reacted to form illite, is preserved at burial depths in excess of 4000 m, suggesting an unusual lack of available potassium. There is a strong contrast in diagenetic pathways with the overlying marine Fulmar Formation, which most probably had the same initial composition but in which kaolin is absent and fibrous illite is present. It is suggested that a lower concentration of potassium (and aluminium) within the Pentland Formation compared with the probable source and the comparably sourced Fulmar Formation represents export of K from the sands on a metre scale.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 6
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    Natural CO2 sites in Italy show the importance of overburden geopressure, fractures and faults for CO2 storage performance and risk management (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-24
    Description: The study of natural analogues can inform the long-term performance security of engineered CO 2 storage. There are natural CO 2 reservoirs and CO 2 seeps in Italy. Here, we study nine reservoirs and establish which are sealed or are leaking CO 2 to surface. Their characteristics are compared to elucidate which conditions control CO 2 leakage. All of the case studies would fail current CO 2 storage site selection criteria, although only two leak CO 2 to surface. The factors found to systematically affect seal performance are overburden geopressure and proximity to modern extensional faults. Amongst our case studies, the sealing reservoirs show elevated overburden geopressure whereas the leaking reservoirs do not. Since the leaking reservoirs are located within 〈10 km of modern extensional faults, pressure equilibration within the overburden may be facilitated by enhanced crustal permeability related to faulting. Modelling of the properties that could enable the observed CO 2 leakage rates finds that high-permeability pathways (such as transmissive faults or fractures) become increasingly necessary to sustain leak rates as CO 2 density decreases during ascent to surface, regardless of the leakage mechanism into the overburden. This work illustrates the value of characterizing the overburden geology during CO 2 storage site selection to inform screening criterion, risk assessment and monitoring strategy.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 7
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    Authigenic illite within northern and central North Sea oilfield sandstones: evidence for post-growth alteration (2014)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-15
    Description: It has been previously reported that late diagenetic fibrous illite, separated out from oilfield sandstones for dating by the K-Ar method, has systematically shown an increasing K-content with burial depth in the UK northern and central North Sea. This is surprising as fibrous illite is believed to form rapidly, in response to a geological event such as oil charging, and to retain its composition during subsequent burial. If the composition of the illite is related to present-day conditions, rather than the conditions of initial formation, then argon loss may have occurred, making K-Ar ages of questionable validity. Variations in crystal chemistry of the illite and their fundamental particle size and shape (length/width) distribution suggest alteration of the illite from the time of formation. The extent to which K-Ar ages of illite might need to be re-interpreted as a result of this post-formation alteration is not quantifiable at present; however there is evidence to suggest that the ages may be interpreted in terms of burial models involving both crystal nucleation and growth, and that a high proportion of Ar within the crystals may be retained during post-growth recrystallization.
    Print ISSN: 0009-8558
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8030
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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  • 8
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    Natural CO2 sites in Italy show the importance of overburden geopressure, fractures and faults for CO2 storage performance and risk management (2017)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-21
    Description: The study of natural analogues can inform the long-term performance security of engineered CO 2 storage. There are natural CO 2 reservoirs and CO 2 seeps in Italy. Here, we study nine reservoirs and establish which are sealed or are leaking CO 2 to surface. Their characteristics are compared to elucidate which conditions control CO 2 leakage. All of the case studies would fail current CO 2 storage site selection criteria, although only two leak CO 2 to surface. The factors found to systematically affect seal performance are overburden geopressure and proximity to modern extensional faults. Amongst our case studies, the sealing reservoirs show elevated overburden geopressure whereas the leaking reservoirs do not. Since the leaking reservoirs are located within 〈10 km of modern extensional faults, pressure equilibration within the overburden may be facilitated by enhanced crustal permeability related to faulting. Modelling of the properties that could enable the observed CO 2 leakage rates finds that high-permeability pathways (such as transmissive faults or fractures) become increasingly necessary to sustain leak rates as CO 2 density decreases during ascent to surface, regardless of the leakage mechanism into the overburden. This work illustrates the value of characterizing the overburden geology during CO 2 storage site selection to inform screening criterion, risk assessment and monitoring strategy.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 9
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    Modelling groundwater flow changes due to thermal effects of radioactive waste disposal at a hypothetical repository site near Sellafield, UK (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-21
    Print ISSN: 1866-6280
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-6299
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Comparing the prospectivity of hydrogeological settings for deep radioactive waste disposal (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: Nuclear power has the potential to provide significant amounts of reliable electricity generation without carbon dioxide emissions. Disposing of radioactive waste is, however, an ongoing challenge, and if it is to be buried, the characterisation of the regional groundwater system is vital to protect the anthroposphere. This aspect is understudied in comparison to the engineered facility; yet, selecting a suitable groundwater setting can ensure radionuclide isolation hundreds of thousands of years beyond that provided by the engineered structure. This paper presents a multi-faceted scoping tool to quantitatively assess, and directly compare, the regional hydrogeological prospectivity of different groundwater settings for disposal at an early stage of the site selection process. The scoping tool is demonstrated using geological data from three distinct UK groundwater settings as a case study. Results indicate a significant difference in the performance potential of different regional groundwater settings to ensure long-term waste containment.
    Print ISSN: 1431-2174
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0157
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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