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  • Articles  (45)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cities, regions and the decline of transport costs (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Papers in regional science 83 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The theoretical framework of urban and regional economics is built on transportation costs for manufactured goods. But over the twentieth century, the costs of moving these good have declined by over 90% in real terms, and there is little reason to doubt that this decline will continue. Moreover, technological change has eliminated the importance of fixed infrastructure transport (rail and water) that played a critical role in creating natural urban centres. In this article, we document this decline and explore several simple implications of a world where it is essentially free to move goods, but expensive to move people. We find empirical support for these implications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10110-003-0183-x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The divergence of human capital levels across cities* (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Papers in regional science 84 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  Over the past 30 years, the share of adult populations with college degrees increased more in cities with higher initial schooling levels than in initially less educated places. This tendency appears to be driven by shifts in labor demand as there is an increasing wage premium for skilled people working in skilled cities. In this article, we present a model where the clustering of skilled people in metropolitan areas is driven by the tendency of skilled entrepreneurs to innovate in ways that employ other skilled people and by the elasticity of housing supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2005.00047.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Should the Government Rebuild New Orleans, Or Just Give Residents Checks? (2005)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 2.2005, 4, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Should government rebuild New Orleans? Edward Glaeser asks whether the residents would be better off with $200,000 in their pockets than to have $200 billion spent on infrastructure: shouldn't we be insuring the people, not the place? New Orleans has been declining and its people mired in poverty for decades; its port and pipelines cannot employ a large city, and $200 billion is unlikely to change that.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol2/iss4/art4
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What To Do about Fannie and Freddie? (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 3.2006, 7, art5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Edward Glaeser and Dwight Jaffee argue that Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae are actively pursuing great risk at taxpayer expense and private profit: the cure is a tax on their $1.5 trillion in borrowing that could yield as much as $6 billion a year.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol3/iss7/art5
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urban Growth in the 1990s: Is City Living Back? (2003)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Journal of regional science 43 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The 1990s were an unusually good decade for the largest American cities and, in particular, for the cities of the Midwest. However, fundamentally urban growth in the 1990s looked extremely similar to urban growth during prior post–war decades. The growth of cities was determined by three main trends: (1) cities with strong human capital bases grew faster than cities without skills, (2) people moved to warmer, drier places, and (3) cities built around the automobile replaced cities that rely on public transportation. Although the negative impact of population density diminished slightly in the 1990s, there is no real evidence for a return to large, dense cities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9787.00293
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-imposed term limits (1997)
    Springer
    Public choice 93 (1997), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7101
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In “Reconciling voters' behavior with legislative term limits,” Dick and Lott argue that since more senior representatives are better at rent-seeking, there is an inefficient tendency to re-elect incumbents. In their model, term limits are preferred collectively by constituencies, even though no constituency would independently oust its incumbent representative. However, many term limits are unilaterally self-imposed (in particular the 22nd amendment limiting presidents' terms to two), and their model cannot explain these limits. In this comment, I suggest that term limits may be self-imposed by risk-averse voters, who prefer cycling between left and right wing candidates to a once-and-for-all election that imposes a candidate of a single ideology on the entre electorate. The market failure that makes term limits helpful is that out of power minorities cannot bribe the median voter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017981411977
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The incentive effects of property taxes on local governments (1996)
    Springer
    Public choice 89 (1996), S. 93-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7101
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper applies the ideas of Brennan and Buchanan (1977, 1978, 1980) to local property taxes. When local governments maximize their revenues, property taxes provide incentives for adequate amenity provision. Local amenity provision determines property values which then determine local tax revenues. As long as the demand for housing is inelastic, property-taxes will provide stronger incentives for local governments than lump-sum taxes. As current property values reflect expectations about future amenity levels, property taxes create incentives for even the most myopic government to invest for the future. Local property taxes can also act to limit the incentives of localities to tax; there are cases where higher levels of local property taxes lead to lower overall tax burdens. These ideas are applied to the tax reform in the late 1970s; one reason that tax reform may have been so successful is that in a period where land prices are driven by many forces other than government amenities, property taxes lose their value as incentive devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00114281
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  • 8
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    The role of industry-specific, occupation-specific, and location-specific knowledge in the growth and survival of new firms (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-10
    Description: How do regions acquire the knowledge they need to diversify their economic activities? How does the migration of workers among firms and industries contribute to the diffusion of that knowledge? Here we measure the industry-, occupation-, and location-specific knowledge carried by workers from one establishment to the next, using a dataset summarizing the individual work history for an entire country. We study pioneer firms—firms operating in an industry that was not present in a region—because the success of pioneers is the basic unit of regional economic diversification. We find that the growth and survival of pioneers increase significantly when their first hires are workers with experience in a related industry and with work experience in the same location, but not with past experience in a related occupation. We compare these results with new firms that are not pioneers and find that industry-specific knowledge is significantly more important for pioneer than for nonpioneer firms. To address endogeneity we use Bartik instruments, which leverage national fluctuations in the demand for an activity as shocks for local labor supply. The instrumental variable estimates support the finding that industry-specific knowledge is a predictor of the survival and growth of pioneer firms. These findings expand our understanding of the micromechanisms underlying regional economic diversification.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-10
    Description: To explore the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on small businesses, we conducted a survey of more than 5,800 small businesses between March 28 and April 4, 2020. Several themes emerged. First, mass layoffs and closures had already occurred—just a few weeks into the crisis. Second, the risk of closure was negatively associated with the expected length of the crisis. Moreover, businesses had widely varying beliefs about the likely duration of COVID-related disruptions. Third, many small businesses are financially fragile: The median business with more than $10,000 in monthly expenses had only about 2 wk of cash on hand at the time of the survey. Fourth, the majority of businesses planned to seek funding through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. However, many anticipated problems with accessing the program, such as bureaucratic hassles and difficulties establishing eligibility. Using experimental variation, we also assess take-up rates and business resilience effects for loans relative to grants-based programs.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Computer vision uncovers predictors of physical urban change (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: Which neighborhoods experience physical improvements? In this paper, we introduce a computer vision method to measure changes in the physical appearances of neighborhoods from time-series street-level imagery. We connect changes in the physical appearance of five US cities with economic and demographic data and find three factors that predict neighborhood improvement. First, neighborhoods that are densely populated by college-educated adults are more likely to experience physical improvements—an observation that is compatible with the economic literature linking human capital and local success. Second, neighborhoods with better initial appearances experience, on average, larger positive improvements—an observation that is consistent with “tipping” theories of urban change. Third, neighborhood improvement correlates positively with physical proximity to the central business district and to other physically attractive neighborhoods—an observation that is consistent with the “invasion” theories of urban sociology. Together, our results provide support for three classical theories of urban change and illustrate the value of using computer vision methods and street-level imagery to understand the physical dynamics of cities.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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