ALBERT

Notes: The new sediment trap has a 0.5 m2 aperture, a funnel slope of 34° and is capable of collecting 21 samples at programmed intervals (1 min–1 year) during deployment in the deep ocean. The trap has been designed to allow reliable data on trace inorganic and organic components (such as trace elements, n-alkanes, PCBs, PAHs, amino/fatty acids) in addition to the standard biogeochemical variables in the collected particles. Due to the exclusive use of synthetic (such as fiberglass, PVC, PTFE, or POM-Delrin®) and highly resistant metallic materials contamination problems have been eliminated for these species. Blank values determined in several tests in the open ocean were as low as 1% or even less of the amounts present in trap material, even at low particulate loadings. Another major aim was the elimination of loss of dissolved components from the sample cups into seawater. Microbial and chemical processes modify the collected particles, thereby mobilizing originally particulate species into solution. It is thus essential to avoid greater losses of dissolved species through diffusion into the surrounding seawater after collection. This was achieved by means of an especially designed sealing mechanism. Tests with tracer substances during field studies proved that losses of dissolved components from supernatants during one year of deployment are as low as 10%. Additionally, the relationship between flow characteristics around the traps and their excursions from the vertical position in a bottom-tethered array was studied during a one-year deployment in the North Atlantic. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Abstract The polarized absorption spectrum of the chromate ion has been measured at liquid hydrogen and helium temperatures. With chromate dissolved in K2SO4 evidence is found for two orbitally allowed 1 A 1→1 T 2 electronic absorption bands. The first band is split into three sublevels with the 0-0 lines located at 26,316 cm−1, 26,441 cm−1 and 26,610 cm−1. Built upon the 0-0 lines is seen a simple progression in quanta of 783 cm−1. The second transition is nearly featureless, and is found at 34,000 cm−1 to 44,000 cm−1. The two bands are assigned as primarily t 1→2e and as 3t 2→2e respectively. VO 4 ≡ dissolved in Na3PO4 · 12H2O showed at liquid nitrogen temperature a broad featureless band found between 30,000 and 40,000 cm−1.

Notes: Abstract The Marine Pollution Monitoring System (MARPOLMON) constitutes a marine chemical component of the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS). The Programme covers all matters related to marine pollution research and associated monitoring activities required for the assessment of marine pollution. MARPOLMON constitutes the data-gathering activity, being directed to accurately determine levels of selected contaminants in several phases of the marine environment in various regions of the World Ocean. It is envisaged to utlize MARPOLMON generated data for the purposes of construction of mass-balances and making contamination and pollution assessments in regional and global contexts. Data gathering, reporting and exchange requires stringent control of the quality of the information retrieved, which in turn dictates the development and testing of standard methodology, its widespread adoption and intercomparison of methods and feedback-refinement of orogonal methods or hypotheses.

Notes: Abstract Cyclic organochlorines are highly hydrophobic chemicals which usually possess a high persistence to microbial breakdown. These behavioural aspects determine the suitability of each environmental compartment for monitoring purposes, which is discussed. It is concluded, that monitoring of (cyclic) organochlorines should only be executed for compounds about which solid information is available on their environmental behaviour in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments. Under these conditions benthic invertebrates which use glycogen as their main energy-depot, appear to be the most suitable tool for environmental monitoring of lipophilic compounds. Concentrations should be expressed on the basis of (total) extractable lipids. The organisms to be compared should be sampled at a time when they have a similar physiological condition. This does not automatically mean synoptic sampling. Multi-component mixtures, such as PCB's, should be monitored on the basis of (selected) individual components in order to account for differences in behaviour of each component between different environmental compartments and animal species. Some representatives of the compounds discussed are strong inducers of mixed function oxygenase (MFO) enzyme systems. Therefore it should be investigated, if monitoring of MFO activity in addition to concentrations can be regarded as an early warning system of additive effects.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die wichtigsten Probleme bei der Analytik von chlorierten Biphenylen im Meerwasser hängen mit folgenden Faktoren zusammen: 1) mit ihren äußerst niedrigen Konzentrationen in Anwesenheit vieler anderer organischer verbindungen, die in 106 bis 108fach höheren Konzentrationen vorliegen, 2) mit der Gefahr, die Proben mit störenden Stoffen aus Lösungsmitteln, Gefäßen und aus der Atmosphäre zu kontaminieren, 3) mit der Trennung der interessierenden CBs von Verbindungen, die bei der analytischen Bestimmung mit GC-ECD stören. Wir haben uns längere Zeit bemüht, die oben erwähnten Probleme zu bewältigen. Verbesserungen wurden bei den Probennahmen (größere Volumina mit Schöpfer, in situ Extraktion), der Probenaufarbeitung (HPLC), GC-Trennung (Multidimensionale GC-ECD) sowie bei der Reinigung und Aufbewahrung der benutzten Lösungsmittel erzielt. Die Techniken wurden im Atlantik, im Mittelmeer, in der Nord- und Ostsee angewandt. Hier lagen die Konzentrationen einzelner Chlorobiphenyle in Lösung im allgemeinen im Bereich von 〈0.01 bis 10 pg/l. Die Konzentrationen im partikulären Material sind im offenen Meer erheblich geringer. Kongeneren mit geringem Chlorierungsgrad sind in Lösung bedeutender als in Partikeln. Mit einer Musteranalyse konnten die Beiträge von Flüssen (Elbe) und industrielle Aktivitäten auf See (Ekofisk, Piper Alpha) qualitativ bestimmt werden. Die CBs mit den größten toxischen Werten (77, 126, 169, 118, 105, 156) werden in unseren Untersuchungen besonders berücksichtigt. Ihre Werte im Wasser, in Partikeln und in verschiedenen Organismen einer Nahrungskette in der Ostsee liegen vor. Das CB-105 hat bezüglich der am höchsten toxischen Kongeneren (77, 126, 169) eine geringere Toxizität, durch die relativ hohen Konzentrationen trägt dieses Kongener aber am meisten zu den berechneten TCDD-Äquivalenten bei. Mikrobiologisch einwandfrei, aber wegen eutrophierungsbedingter starker Reduzierung der Sichttiefe zu beanstanden waren alle Badestellen der Boddenküste. Die seit Jahren an den Mündungen abwasserbelasteter Vorfluter bestehenden Badeverbote blieben aufrechterhalten, da abwassertechnisch noch keine wesentliche Verbesserung der Situation zu verzeichnen ist. Betroffen sind die Strandabschnitte: Boltenhagen: 200 m rechts, 200 m links des Einlaufens des Klützer Baches Zierow: 50 m rechts, 50 m links des Einlaufens des Zierower Grabens Rerik: Der Salzhaffstrand an der Ortslage Rerik Kühlungsborn: 200 m rechts, 200 m links des Einlaufs des Fulgenbachs; 200 m rechts, 200 m links der Buhne am Hansahaus Tromper Wiek: In Höhe Drewoldke 250 m rechts, 250 m links der Mündung des Grabens 85 Glowe: 400 m rechts, 400 m links der Einmündung des Kläranlagenablaufs Prorer Wiek: Von Saßnitz bis zum Fährhafen Mukran Binz: 100 m am Hauptstrand am Ablauf des Schmachter Sees Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden: Gesamter Bodden Wieker Bodden: Alle Badestrände Strelasund: Bei Devin Zingst-Darßer Boddenkette: Gesamte Ribnitzer See und Stadgebiet Barth. Vorgesehen sind Sanierungsmaßnahmen, die im wesentlichen den Bau von Kläranlagen beinhalten.