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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 535 (1986), S. 63-85 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Formation of Cyclic Silylphosphanes. Reaction of Li-Phosphides with R2SiCl2 (R—Me, Et, t-Bu)The reaction of Me2SiCl2 with Li-phosphides (mixture of LiPH2, Li2PH) leads to the formation of Me2Si(PH2)Cl 1, Me2Si(PH2)2 2, H2P—SiMe2—PH—SiMe2Cl 3, (H2P—SiMe2)2PH 4, (HP—SiMe2)3 6, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 40. Excess of phosphides in Et2O - as well as excess of LiPH2 - favourably forms 10. Li2PH (virtually free of Li3P and LiPH2) is obtained by reaction of LiPH2 · DME with LiBu; Li3P by reaction of PH3 with LiBu in toluene. Isomerization by Li/H migration determines the course of reaction of the PH-bearing compounds with Li-phosphides. With Me2SiCl2 Li3P mainly generates compound 10.The reaction of the Li-phosphides with Et2SiCl2 mainly leads to (HP—SiEt2)3 18 and (HP—SiEt2)2 17 as well as to Et2Si(PH2)Cl 11, Et2Si(PH2)2 12, (ClEt2Si)2PH 13, H2P—SiEt2—PH—SiEt2Cl 14, (H2P—SiEt2)2PH 15 and 16. In the reaction with LiPH2 · DME the same compounds are obtained and isomerization by Li/H migration (formation of PH3) already begins at -70°C. In toluene ClEt2Si—P(SiEt2)2P—SiEt2Cl is additionally formed. Derivatives of 9, 10, 40 are not observed.The reaction of (t-Bu)2SiCl2 with LiPH2 leads to HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PH 20 (yield 76%) and formation of PH3, the reaction with Li2PH to 20 (54%) besides HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PLi 21.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Me2SiCl2 mit Li-Phosphiden (Gemisch aus LiPH2, Li2PH) führt zur Bildung der Verbindungen Me2Si(PH2)Cl 1, Me2Si(PH2)2 2, H2P—SiMe2—PH—SiMe2Cl 3, (H2P—SiMe2)2PH 4, (HP—SiMe2)3 6, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 40. Die Bildung von 10 wird durch einen Phosphidüberschuß in Et2O - auch an LiPH2 - begünstigt. Li2PH (weitgehend frei von Li3P und LiPH2) wird aus LiPH2 · DME und LiBu erhalten; Li3P aus PH3 und LiBu in Toluol. Ummetallierungsprozesse der PH-haltigen Verbindungen mit Li-Phosphiden bestimmen den Reaktionsablauf. Li3P bildet mit Me2SiCl2 bevorzugt Verbindung 10.Die Umsetzung der Li-Phosphide mit Et2SiCl2 führt bevorzugt zu (HP—SiEt2)3 18 und (HP—SiEt2)2 17 sowie zu Et2Si(PH2)Cl 11, Et2Si(PH2)2 12, (ClEt2Si)2PH 13, H2P—SiEt2—PH—SiEt2Cl 14, (H2P—SiEt2)2PH 15 und 16. Bei der Umsetzung mit LiPH2 · DME bilden sich die gleichen Verbindungen, und die Ummetallierung (PH3-Entwicklung) beginnt bereits bei -70°C. In Toluol entsteht zusätzlich ClEt2Si—P[SiEt2]2P—SiEt2Cl. Derivate von 9, 10, 40 werden nicht gebildet.Die Umsetzung von (t-Bu)2SiCl2 mit LiPH2 führt zu HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PH 20 (Ausbeute 76%) unter PH3-Entwicklung, die von Li2PH zu 20 (54%) neben HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PLi 21.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 535 (1986), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Lithiation and Substitution of HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PHHP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PH 1 is monolithiated by reaction with LiPH2 · DME or LiBu in toluene. The crystalline compound HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PLi · 2 DME 2 can be isolated in DME. Reaction of 2 with Me2SiCl2 leads to HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—SiMe2Cl 4, ClMe2Si—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—SiMe2Cl 5, HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—SiMe2—P[Si(t-Bu)2] 2PH 6. Isomerization by Li/H migration between 4 and 2 leads to the formation of 5. Reaction of Li(t-Bu) with 1 or 2 yields LiP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PLi 3 by further lithiation. 3 could not be obtained purely, only in a mixture with 2. These compounds favourably generate with t-BuPCl2 in hexane Cl(t-Bu)P—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)Cl 9, in THF HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2 PH 12 (main product), 9, H(t-Bu)P—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)Cl 10, H(t-Bu)P—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)H 11 as well as HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)H 13 and HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)2 14.
    Notes: HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PH 1 wird mit LiPH2 · DME oder LiBu in Toluol monolithiiert. Aus DME ist die kristalline Verbindung HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PLi · 2 DME 2 zu isolieren. Durch Umsetzung von 2 mit Me2SiCl2 bilden sich HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—SiMe2Cl 4, ClMe2Si—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—SiMe2Cl 5, HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—SiMe2—P[Si(t-Bu)2] 2PH 6. Die Bildung von 5 aus 2 ist auf die Umlithiierung zwischen 4 und 2 zurückzuführen. Durch Einwirkung von Li(t-Bu) auf 1 bzw. 2 erfolgt eine weitere Lithiierung zum LiP[Si(t-Bu)2]2PLi 3. 3 war jedoch nicht rein, sondern nur im Gemische mit 2 zu erhalten. Diese bilden mit t-BuPCl2 in Hexan bevorzugt Cl(t-Bu)P—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)Cl 9, in THF HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2 PH 12 (Hauptprodukt), 9, H(t-Bu)P—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)Cl 10, H(t-Bu)P—P[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)H 11 sowie HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)H 13 und HP[Si(t-Bu)2]2P—P(t-Bu)2 14.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 53 (1940), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 535 (1986), S. 86-94 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1,3,5,7-Tetraphospha-2,4,6,8,9-decamethyl-2,4,6,8,9-pentasila-bicyclo (3.3.1)-nonan. Structure and ReactionsThe structure of the title compound 1 (white quad-shaped crystals, mp. 193°C) obtained by reaction of Li2PH with Me2SiCl2, is identified by 31PNMR and mass spectra as well as X-ray structure analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 1563.6(28) pm, b = 1166.7(9) pm, c = 2556.0(27) pm, = 87.07(12)° and Z = 8 formula units in the elementary cell. The molecule has approximately mm (C2v) symmetry. The boat-boat conformation characterizes 1 as direct precursor of the dodecamethyl-hexasila-tetraphospha-adamantane. The bond lengths and bond angles are normal with d̄(P—Si) = 224.5 pm and d̄(Si—Me) = 186.0 pm. The H bonded to P are directed exocyclic.1 reacts with (CO)4CrNBD (NBD = Norbornadiene) (bidentate ligand) to (SiMe2)5P2(PH)2Cr(CO)4 2 while closing the structure of compound 1 to the adamantane structure via the inserted Cr(CO)4.
    Notes: Die Struktur der durch Umsetzung von Li2PH mit Me2SiCl2 gebildeten Titelverbindungen 1 (weiße, quaderförmige Kristalle, Smp. 193°C) wird durch 31P-NMR- und massenspektrometrische Untersuchung sowie durch die Röntgenstrukturanalyse ermittelt. 1 kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe C2/c (Nr. 15) mit a = 1563,6(28) pm, b = 1166,7(9) pm, c = 2556,0(27) pm, β 87,07(12%) und Z = 8 Molekülen in der Elementarzelle. Das Molekül besitzt angenähert die Symmetrie mm (C2v), liegt in der Boot-Boot-Konformation vor und ist damit die direkte Vorstufe zum Dodekamethyl-hexasila-tetraphosphaadamantan. Bindungsabstände und Bindungswinkel mit den Mittelwerten d̄(P—Si) = 224,5 pm und d̄(Si—Me) = 186,0 pm sind normal. Die an P gebundenen Protonen zeigen ringauswärts.1 reagiert mit (CO)4CrNBD (NBD = Norbornadien) (zweizähniger Ligand) zum (SiMe2)5P2(PH)2Cr(CO)4 2, in dem die Struktur von Verbindung 1 über das eingebaute Cr(CO)4 zur Adamantanstruktur geschlossen wird.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-30
    Description: Nature Geoscience 8, 378 (2015). doi:10.1038/ngeo2420 Authors: Lea Steinle, Carolyn A. Graves, Tina Treude, Bénédicte Ferré, Arne Biastoch, Ingeborg Bussmann, Christian Berndt, Sebastian Krastel, Rachael H. James, Erik Behrens, Claus W. Böning, Jens Greinert, Célia-Julia Sapart, Markus Scheinert, Stefan Sommer, Moritz F. Lehmann & Helge Niemann Large amounts of the greenhouse gas methane are released from the seabed to the water column, where it may be consumed by aerobic methanotrophic bacteria. The size and activity of methanotrophic communities, which determine the amount of methane consumed in the water column, are thought to be mainly controlled by nutrient and redox dynamics. Here, we report repeated measurements of methanotrophic activity and community size at methane seeps west of Svalbard, and relate them to physical water mass properties and modelled ocean currents. We show that cold bottom water, which contained a large number of aerobic methanotrophs, was displaced by warmer water with a considerably smaller methanotrophic community within days. Ocean current simulations using a global ocean/sea-ice model suggest that this water mass exchange is consistent with short-term variations in the meandering West Spitsbergen Current. We conclude that the shift from an offshore to a nearshore position of the current can rapidly and severely reduce methanotrophic activity in the water column. Strong fluctuating currents are common at many methane seep systems globally, and we suggest that they affect methane oxidation in the water column at other sites, too.
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Physical Oceanography, Ahead of Print. 〈br/〉
    Print ISSN: 0022-3670
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0485
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Nature Geoscience 9, 523 (2016). doi:10.1038/ngeo2740 Authors: Claus W. Böning, Erik Behrens, Arne Biastoch, Klaus Getzlaff & Jonathan L. Bamber The Greenland ice sheet has experienced increasing mass loss since the 1990s. The enhanced freshwater flux due to both surface melt and outlet glacier discharge is assuming an increasingly important role in the changing freshwater budget of the subarctic Atlantic. The sustained and increasing freshwater fluxes from Greenland to the surface ocean could lead to a suppression of deep winter convection in the Labrador Sea, with potential ramifications for the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Here we assess the impact of the increases in the freshwater fluxes, reconstructed with full spatial resolution, using a global ocean circulation model with a grid spacing fine enough to capture the small-scale, eddying transport processes in the subpolar North Atlantic. Our simulations suggest that the invasion of meltwater from the West Greenland shelf has initiated a gradual freshening trend at the surface of the Labrador Sea. Although the freshening is still smaller than the variability associated with the episodic ‘great salinity anomalies’, the accumulation of meltwater may become large enough to progressively dampen the deep winter convection in the coming years. We conclude that the freshwater anomaly has not yet had a significant impact on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: Multi-decadal weakening trend of the equatorial Pacific easterly winds since 1960 has reversed after 1993. The trend reversal has induced cooling (shallow thermocline) trend in the equatorial western Pacific before 1993, followed by a warming (deep thermocline) trend from 1993 to the present. All available atmospheric reanalysis products corroborate the trend reversal during the two multi-decadal periods. The magnitudes of the multi-decadal trends of the easterly winds, however, differ among the reanalysis products. The trend reversals of regional ocean circulations are assessed using linear regressions between wind and transport anomalies in an eddy-permitting numerical model, suggesting that since 1993 the Indonesian Throughflow and the Leeuwin Current transports have also reversed their multi-decadal weakening trends.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-02-16
    Description: [1]  Recent work suggests that changes of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) winds led to an increase in Agulhas leakage and a corresponding salinification of the Atlantic. Climate model projections for the 21 st century predict a progressive southward migration and intensification of the SH westerlies. The potential effects on the ocean circulation of such an anthropogenic trend in wind stress are studied here with a high-resolution ocean model forced by a step-function change in SH wind stress that involves a 7% increase in westerlies strength and a 2°-shift in the zero wind stress curl. The model simulation suggests a rapid dynamic adjustment of Agulhas leakage by 4.5 Sv, about a third of its original value, after a few years. The change in leakage is reflected in a concomitant change in the transport of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre, but leads only to a small increase in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of O(1 Sv) after three decades. A main effect of the increasing inflow of Indian Ocean waters with potential long-term ramifications for the AMOC is the salinification and densification of upper-thermocline waters in the South Atlantic, which extends into the North Atlantic within the first 3 decades.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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