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  • watershed liming  (2)
  • adirondack mountains
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of watershed liming on the soil chemistry of Woods Lake, New York (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 32 (1996), S. 175-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acid mitigation ; exchangeable chemistry ; soil acidity ; soil chemistry ; watershed liming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The effects of watershed liming on the exchange complex of a forest soil were investigated at Woods Lake, in the west-central Adirondack Park, New York. Attempts to neutralize lake acidity via direct application of calcite during the 1980"s were short-lived due to a short hydraulic retention time. The Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) was initiated to investigate watershed base addition as a potentially more long-term strategy for mitigation of lake acidity. In this paper we discuss the changes in the exchangeable soil complex which occurred in response to the calcite addition and attempt a mass balance for calcite applied to the watershed. An extensive sampling program was initiated for the watershed study. Soil samples were collected from pits prior to and in the two years following treatment to evaluate changes in soil chemistry. Calcite addition significantly altered the exchange complex in the organic horizon. Increases in pH caused deprotonation of soil organic matter and increases in cation exchange capacity, providing additional exchange sites for the retention of added calcium. Exchangeable acidity decreased to very low values, allowing the base saturation of upper organic horizons to increase to nearly 100 percent. Post-treatment sampling found that approximately 48 percent of the calcite remained undissolved in the soil"s Oe horizon two years later. Dissolution of the calcite was affected by field moisture conditions, with greater dissolution in wetter areas of the watershed. Mass balances calculated for calcium applied to the watershed suggest that only 4 percent of the calcium was removed through the lake outlet. Approximately 96 percent of the calcium applied remained within the watershed; as undissolved calcite, on soil exchange sites or stored in the vegetation, groundwater or surface waters of the watershed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187138
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of whole catchment liming on the episodic acidification of two adirondack streams (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 32 (1996), S. 299-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acidic precipitation ; adirondack mountains ; liming ; snowmelt ; episodic acidification ; beaver pond
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During the fall of 1989 7.7Mg/ha of calcium carbonate was applied on two tributary catchments (40 ha and 60 ha) to Woods Lake, a small (25 ha) acidic headwater lake in the western Adirondack region of New York. Stream-water chemistry in both catchment tributaries responded immediately. Acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased by more than 200 μeq/L in one of the streams and more than 1000 μeq/L in the other, from pre-liming values which ranged from −25 to +40 μeq/L. The increase in ANC was primarily due to increases in dissolved Ca2+ concentrations. Most of the initial response of the streams was due to the dissolution of calcite that fell directly into the stream channels and adjacent wetlands. A small beaver impoundment and associated wetlands were probably responsible for the greater response observed in one of the streams. After the liming of subcatchmentIV (60 ha), Ca2+ concentrations increased with increasing stream discharge in the stream during fall rain events, suggesting a contribution from calcite dissolved within the soil and transported to the stream by surface runoff or shallow interflow. Concentrations of other ions not associated with the calcite (e.g. Na+) decreased during fall rain events, presumably due to mixing of solute-rich base flow with more dilute shallow interflow. The strong relation between changes in Ca2+ and changes in NO 3 − concentrations during spring snowmelt, (r2 = 0.93, slope = 0.96, on an equivalent basis) suggests that both solutes had a common source in the organic horizon of the soil. Increases in NO 3 − concentrations during snowmelt were balanced by increases in Ca2+ that was released either directly from the calcite or from exchange sites, mitigating episodic acidification of the stream. However, high ambient NO 3 − concentrations and relatively low ambient Ca2+ concentrations in the stream during the spring caused the stream to become acidic despite the CaCO3 treatment. In stream WO2 (40ha), Ca2+ concentrations were much higher than in stream WO4 because of the dissolution of calcite which fell directly into the upstream beaver pond and its associated wetlands. Calcium concentrations decreased as both NO 3 − concentrations and stream discharge increased, due to the dilution of Ca-enriched beaver pond water by shallow interflow. Despite this dilution, Ca2+ concentrations were high enough to more than balance strong acid anion (SO 4 − , NO 3 − , Cl−) concentrations, resulting in a positive ANC in this stream throughout the year. These data indicate that liming of wetlands and beaver ponds is more effective than whole catchment liming in neutralizing acidic surface waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187143
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the integrated lake-watershed acidification study model to watershed liming at woods Lake, New York (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 32 (1996), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acid mitigation ; ILWAS model ; watershed liming ; watershed modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Woods Lake, in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, was the site of the Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) in which base addition was investigated as a method for mitigation of lake acidity. In an effort to predict the duration of effects, the treatment was simulated using the Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) model. To simulate terrestrial liming, calcite was applied to treated subcatchments as a rapidly weathering mineral in the upper horizon. Soil solution and lake outlet chemistry showed a response to calcite addition within four months of the start of the simulation. Calcium concentrations, acid neutralizing capacities (ANC), and pH increased in the upper soil layer and aluminum concentrations decreased in the upper three soil layers (0–70 cm). The response of ANC was delayed in lower soil layers due to proton production associated with aluminum hydrolysis. Moreover, soil water pH in the third soil layer decreased in response to calcite treatment due to the displacement of hydrogen ions by calcium added to the exchange complex. Calcium concentrations, ANC and pH increased and aluminum concentrations decreased in the simulated lake outlet. The modeled effects of calcite treatment on the soil and lake outlet chemistry were not as great as field observations. This was, in part, attributed to the model representation of the watershed, which did not include streams, ponds, or wetlands located in the treated subcatchments. Calcite applied to these saturated areas in the field readily dissolved, supplying ANC to lake water. Additionally, incorporation of calcite into a thick organic layer in the model diminished the possibility of dissolution by contact with overland flow. Observed concentrations of calcium, ANC, and pH in the outlet decreased after high values in the two years after treatment. Although the model failed to match observed short-term data, it may simulate the long-term response as calcium is transported through the soil. A long-term simulation of the model suggests that effects of base treatment will persist for at least 50 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187146
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