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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of a vertical object on the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of the male lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 465-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: orientation ; turbulence ; visual cues ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A small (2.5-cm-wide) vertical (10-cm-high) white object influenced the sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of maleEpiphyas postvittana. When the vertical object was positioned on a horizontal surface to the side (3–5 cm) and upwind of a pheromone source (in the middle of the surface), the distribution of landing positions of males on the surface was different from that when the object was not present; males tended to land in positions skewed toward the side of the source that the object was on. The closer the object was positioned to the source, the greater the number of males that landed on the object (rather than on the horizontal surface). This difference in landing positions (when the object was present) corresponded with changes in the flight tracks; the tracks of males flying to the surface with an object were skewed toward the object and had higher amplitude intertrack reversal distances than the tracks of males flying to a surface without a vertical object. Positioning of a vertical object progressively upwind of the source resulted, apparently, in decreased effects on the landing (and presumably flight) behavior of males. The effect of the vertical object on the flight and landing behaviors of males corresponded largely with changes in pheromone plume structure (visualized with smoke) induced by the extra turbulence in the airflow over the source. Thus it appears that the vertical object influences the behavior of maleE. postvittana largely through the olfactory sensory modality. However, when a clear, Mylar object, in place of the white object, was placed on the surface, more males landed on the Mylar object (than did on the white object), suggesting that the vertical object may also influence the behavior of males through the visual modality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995320
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing the landing of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) exhibiting pheromone-mediated flight (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 699-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; landing behavior ; visual cues ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047981
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2323-2343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; orientation ; visual cues ; plume structure ; Ostrinia nubilalis Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pheromone-mediated flight and landing behaviors of maleOstrinia nubilalis were studied in a wind tunnel. The pheromone source was placed in the middle of an 18 × 18-cm horizontal surface, and a smaller surface placed 4, 18, or 36 cm downwind. The smaller surface did not appear to affect significantly the flight tracks or position of landing of males on the upwind surface, and it allowed the positions and altitudes of males as they passed over the downwind surface to be estimated. The flight altitude and position of males as they passed over the downwind surface related to where males landed on the upwind surface. Regardless of the downwind position of the downwind surface, most males flew over its center (i.e., in line with the source) and landed in line with the source on the upwind surface. When a small 2.5 × 10-cm vertical object was placed on the upwind surface, just upwind and to one side of the source, males flew over the downwind surface in positions skewed toward the vertical object and in broader distributions than for the comparable situation without an object: males landed on the upwind surface on positions skewed toward, or on, the object and with a broader distribution (laterally). Flight altitude also corresponded with landing position. Thus, when there was no vertical object, most males flew just above the downwind surface and landed on the downwind edge of the upwind surface. In contrast, with the vertical object, males flew significantly higher and tended to land past the downwind edge of the upwind surface. With a taller object (20 cm), males flew even higher, past the downwind edge and most landed on the vertical object. These data show the close relationship between flight and landing behaviors of maleO. nubilalis and suggest that flight maneuvers that determine track and altitude largely govern where a male lands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033206
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