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  • violacein
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 686-690 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Biosynthesis ; carboxamides ; Chromobacterium violaceum ; indole-3-acetic acid ; trypanocide ; violacein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Radio-isotope studies indicated not only that l-tryptophan can serve as carbon source for synthesis of the trypanocide, violacein by Chromobacterium violaceum (BB-78 strain) but also that isatin and indole 3-acetic acid are both important metabolic intermediates. Using 3-indolyl [2-14C] and [1-14C] acetic acid, it was found that the carboxylic carbon was not eliminated and that indole-3-acetic acid was incorporated intact into the pigment structure. N-Ethyl(5-hydroxy-indol-3-yl)-2-indolylethylamide is also an important metabolic intermediate in the violacein biosynthesis. This is the first report of a metabolic scheme for violacein synthesis which includes an intermediate other than l-tryptophan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 685-688 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Antibiotic ; bioreactor ; Chromobacterium violaceum ; pigment ; violacein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for the production, extraction, and purification of violacein was developed using Chromobacterium violaceum (CCT 3496) cultivated on cotton, in modified 1 litre Roux bottles. A surface tray bioreactor was built to perform these experiments. Violacein was extracted with commercial ethanol, and purified by filtration, Soxhlet extraction, crystallization and high performance liquid chromatography. The violacein was analysed and identified by proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, mass spectrometry, UV-VIS spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. It was concluded that the product was highly purified violacein.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: inclusion complex ; violacein ; β-cyclodextrin ; toxicity ; cytotoxicity ; antioxidant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Violacein is a poorly water-soluble antitumoraland antibacterial drug. The solubility can be enhanced by complexation withβ-cyclodextrin. The inclusion complex was prepared by the co-precipitation method in molarratios of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 of violacein/β-cyclodextrin, respectively. The acutetoxicity (E. coli strain) of violacein did not changeup to 400 μM, either in thepresence or absence of cyclodextrin. Cytotoxicity (V-79 cellculture) through DNA and MTT assays was significantlydecreased in the presence of the 1 : 2 molar ratio complex.Studies on erythrocyte lipid peroxidation by the thiobarbituricacid (TBA) methodshowed that violacein and violacein/β-CD (1 : 2) at100 μM cause 50% and 80% inhibition, respectively. At 500 μM theviolacein/β-CD complexinhibited lipid peroxidation completely; however, withfree violacein only 65% inhibition was reached at that concentration.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: β-cyclodextrin ; inclusion complex ; stoichiometry ; violacein ; induced circular dichroism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of inclusion compounds between violacein andβ-cyclodextrin was studied by diffusion and circulardichroism measurements. The present work was undertaken to explore the feasibilityof the β-cyclodextrin in reducing the toxicity and enhancing the antitumoral efficacy ofviolacein by forming an inclusion complex. The results of the two experimentsare in good agreement, suggesting the formation of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes.The diffusion coefficient measurements enabled estimates of the sizes of the complexesinvolved. From the circular dichroism and computational calculations it was possibleto view a preference for inclusion of the most polar part of the molecule to form a1 : 2 inclusion complex. We expect that this work proves the potential of thesetechniques to determining complex stoichiometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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