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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Canopy management possibilities for arboreal Leucaena in mixed sorghum and livestock small farm production systems in semi-arid India (1990)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 10 (1990), S. 135-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala ; Sorghum bicolor ; semi-arid India ; agroforestry ; fodder ; fuelwood ; sorghum ; pollarding ; micro-climate ; biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A major problem for small farmers in the semi-arid tropics is the chronic shortage of fodder for draft animals. Leucaena leucocephala has improved productivity in many places in India and in various cropping systems, usually as either a pure crop or in a hedgerow alley-cropping configuration. Mixed cropping with arboreal forms is seldom seen. For off-season fodder production, hedgerows have the disadvantage of being open to unmanaged browsing when unfenced (as is usual). Arboreal forms are generally far less vulnerable. In this paper, the components of production of sorghum and arboreal Leucaena are measured under different intensities of canopy lopping. The most productive management system of those examined was pollarding of the Leucaena at the time of under-sowing with sorghum. In a year with less than 50% of average seasonal rainfall, this system gave a yield of 4.6 tonnes/ha/yr fresh wt fodder and 3.8 tonnes/ha/yr dry wt. of fuel harvests, while increasing the standing crop of wood by 1.8 t/ha/yr and retaining a yield of sorghum grain equivalent to 46% of pure sorghum cropping; the LER of this system was 1.35. Cash values of the alternative management systems were estimated, including the discounted Net Present Value of the standing crop of timber. Maximum value was attained with unlopped pure crop Leucaena followed by pollarded Leucaena with sorghum; pure crop sorghum achieved a lower value. These results demonstrate both the high productivity of Leucaena/sorghum based systems, and the stability of production even in poor rainfall conditions. Pollarding transferred the high future value of Leucaena timber to the present value of sorghum grain and fuelwood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115362
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the potential of hedgerow intercropping in semi-arid India using a two-way systematic design (1990)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 11 (1990), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Alley cropping ; fodder ; India ; intercrops ; Leucaena ; pigeonpea ; semi-arid tropics ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential of hedgerow intecrropping with Leucaena leucocephala was explored on vertic Inceptisols over 4 years at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India. The study was conducted using a systematic layout involving different alley widths ranging from 1.35 to 4.95 m and with varying distances between hedge and crops. The alleys were cropped with alternate rows of sorghum and pigeonpea. Hedges composed double Leucaena hedgerows 60 cm apart were periodically harvested for fodder. Sole crops of all components and a sorghum/pigeonpea intercrop were included in all four replications of the study. Starting in the second year, Leucaena was progressively more competitive to annual crops, causing substantial yield reduction. Competition (primarily for moisture) was most severe in narrow alleys and was greatest on pigeonpea. The growth of Leucaena was not sufficient to compensate for reduced crop yields. Land equivalent ratios (LERs) calculated on the basis of grain yield of crops and Leucaena fodder yields showed that hedgerow intercropping (HI) was advantageous over sole crops only during the first two years using wide alleys, but disadvantegeous in the last two years. LERs calculated on the basis of total dry matter indicated only a small advantage for HI (13–17 percent) over sole crops in wider (〉4 m) alleys. Average returns per year from HI exceeded those of the most productive annual crop system (sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping) by 8 percent in 4.05 m alleys, and by 16 percent in 4.95 m alleys. Fodder production during the dry season was 40 percent of the annual total in these alley widths. Thus hedgerow intercropping at 4–5 m alley width is not very attractive for farmers in semi-arid India, which has 600–700 mm of annual rainfall. There is a need to examine the potential of HI in wider alleys. The merits and limitations of the systematic design are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045902
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A tree/crop interface design and its use for evaluating the potential of hedgerow intercropping (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 13 (1991), S. 143-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Tree-crop interface ; row orientation ; hedgerow intercropping ; alley cropping ; Leucaena ; sorghum ; sunflower ; experimental design ; semi-arid tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes a tree/crop interface (TCI) experiment designed to investigate the effects of row orientation using Leucaena leucocephala Lam. Each TCI plot consisted of a regularly pruned Leucaena hedge in the middle and 12 crop rows on either side. Eight such plots were arranged at 45° around a sole Leucaena plot with rows oriented in four compass directions viz., North-South, East-West, Northeast-Southwest and Northwest-Southeast. Results of four years from 1984 to 1987 did not show any effect of row orientation, and similarly, no effect was seen on crop rows due to their location on the windward or leeward side of the hedge. The TCI effect was positive on the first crop row in the first year because Leucaena grew slowly, but depressed the yield of the first 4 to 6 crop rows(1.8 to 2.7 m from hedge) in subsequent years. The negative effect of Leucaena was noted more on sunflower in a relatively dry year than on sorghum in other years. Results from the TCI plots were used to estimate the yield of five hedgerow intercropping (HI) systems with varying alley widths (2.7 to 9.9 m). Comparison with sole stands of Leucaena and crops indicated that HI was more productive particularly at close alley widths. For example, hedges spaced at 2.7 m and 3.6 m averaged 37% and 25% higher productivity than the respective sole stands; but this advantage may be an overestimation of the real potential. The relevance of TCI experiments for studying agroforestry systems, their merits and limitations, especially of the design employed in this study are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140238
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial distribution of root activity and nitrogen fixation in sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping on an Indian Alfisol (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: intercropping ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; pigeonpea ; root respiration ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A medium-duration pigeonpea cultivar (ICP 1–6) and a hybrid sorghum (CSH 5) were grown on a shallow Alfisol in monocropping and intercropping systems. Using a monolith method, spatial distribution of nodulation, acetylene reduction activity (ARA) and root respiration were measured. The number, mass and ARA of nodules decreased exponentially with distance from the plant base except at the late reproductive stage. Nodulation and ARA tended to be higher in the intercrop than in the monocrop. Respiration rate of roots increased with distance from the plant base and reached a maximum value at about 20–30 cm. The rate was higher in pigeonpea than in sorghum and also higher in intercrop than in monocrop. This study suggests that pigeonpea roots are physiologically more active than sorghum roots, implying that pigeonpea may become a strong competitor for nutrients in the soil when intercropped. The nitrogen-fixing ability of pigeonpea may be enhanced by intercropping because the sorghum rapidly absorbed inorganic N which would otherwise inhibit N2 fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025052
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