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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Antibody ; coordinated expression ; genetic engineering ; protein assembly ; root ; secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To explore the feasibility of employing antibodies to obtain disease resistance against plant root pathogens, we have studied the expression of genes encoding antibodies in roots of transgenic plants. A model monoclonal antibody was used that binds to a fungal cutinase. Heavy and light chain cDNAs were amplified by PCR, fused to a signal sequence for secretion and cloned behind CaMV 35S and TR2′ promoters in a single T-DNA. The chimeric genes were cloned both in tandem and in a divergent orientation. The roots of tobacco plants transformed with these constructs produced antibodies that were able to bind antigen in an ELISA. Immunoblotting showed assembly to a full-size antibody. In addition, a F(ab′)2-like fragment was observed, which is probably formed by proteolytic processing. Both antibody species were properly targeted to the apoplast, but the full-size antibody was partially retained by the wall of suspension cells. The construct with divergent promoters showed a better performance than the construct with promoters in tandem. It directed the accumulation of functional antibodies to a maximum of 1.1% of total soluble protein, with half of the plants having levels higher than 0.35%. The high efficiency of this construct probably results from coordinated and balanced expression of light and heavy chain genes, as evidenced by RNA blot hybridization.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carrot ; cell wall ; suspension culture ; secreted glycoprotein ; root ; nodulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 47 kDa glycoprotein, termed EP4, was purified from carrot cell suspension culture medium. An antiserum raised against EP4 also recognized a protein of 45 kDa that was ionically bound to the cell wall. EP4 was detected in culture media from both embryogenic and non-embryogenic cell lines and was found to be secreted by a specific subset of non-embryogenic cells. Secretion of the 47 kDa glycoprotein by embryogenic cells was not evident. The 45 kDa cell wall-bound EP4 protein was specific for non-embryogenic cells and was shown by immunolocalization to occur in the walls of clustered cells, with the highest levels in the walls separating adjacent cells. In seedlings, EP4 proteins were mainly found in roots. EP4 cDNA was cloned by screening a cDNA library with an oligonucleotide derived from an EP4 peptide sequence. The EP4 cDNA sequence was found to be 55% homologous to ENOD8, an early nodulin gene from alfalfa.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Proton Resonance Spectroscopy of Unsaturated Ringsystems, XXIX. Simple Synthesis of Benzocyclooctene by Protonation of Biphenylene DianionBiphenylene dianion (1) reacts with H2O to give 4a,8b-dihydrobiphenylene (3) that opens thermally to give benzocyclooctene (4) (yield 〉 80%). At 0°C 3 has a half life of 1 min. The activation parameters of the rearrangement 3 → 4 are δH* = 78.8 ± 5.0 kJ/mol and δS* = - 7.3 ± 8.7 j/mol K. 3 reacts with maleic anhydride to give a Diels-Alder adduct, whose structure has been determined by X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Biphenylen-Dianion (1) reagiert mit H2O zu 4a,8b-Dihydrobiphenylen (3). das thermisch zu Benzocylcoocten (4) öffnet (Ausb. 〉 80%). Bei 0°C besitzt 3 eine Halbwertszeit von 1 min. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Umlagerung 3 → 4 betragen δH* = 78.8 ± 5.0 kJ/mol und δS* = - 7.3 ± 8.7 J/mol K. 3 liefert mit Maleinsäureanhydrid ein Diels-Alder-Addukt, dessen Struktur röntgenographisch bestimmt wurde.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 2547-2554 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 3-(Lithiomethyl)-1,1,2,2-tetramethylcyclopropane, a Stable Cyclopropylmethyllithium CompoundThe cyclic chlorine and mercury compounds 6 and 9 as well as the open-chain chloro compound 7 react with lithium power in diethyl ether to afford the pure cyclopropylmethyllithium compound 10 completely free of diethyl ether. Only at - 60°C starting with 7 besides 10.8% of the corresponding open-chain organolithium compound 11 was detected. X-ray analysis of 10 showed solvent-free hexameric clusters with the lithium atoms forming a trigonal antiprism with unoccupied trianglular faces on the top and at the bottom while each of the six laterally triangular faces is coordinated to a 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropylmethyl ligand.
    Notes: Sowohl die cyclischen Chlor- und Quecksilberverbindungen 6 und 9 als auch die offenkettige Chlorverbindung 7 liefern bei der Umsetzung mit Lithiumpulver in Diethylether die reine etherfreie Cyclopropylmethyllithium-Verbindung 10. Nur bei - 60°C lassen sich ausgehend von 7 noch 8% der entsprechenden offenkettigen Lithiumverbindung 11 neben 10 nachweisen. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 10 ergab hexamere Cluster, in denen die Lithiumatome ein trigonales Antiprisma bilden, dessen obere und untere Dreiecksfläche unbesetzt ist, während über jeder der sechs seitlichen Dreiecksflächen ein 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopropylmethyl-Rest koordiniert ist.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phosphorus sulfides ; 31P NMR spectroscopy ; phosphorus sulfur melts ; tetra phosphorus hexasulfide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Molecular Composition of Solidified Phosphorus-Sulfur Melts and the Crystal Structure of β-P4S6Phosphorus sulfur melts were annealed for one week at 673 K and then quenched in ice water. The solids were dissolved in CS2 and the concentrations of phosphorus sulfides were determined by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Samples containing between 44 and 70 mol% sulfur dissolved completely in CS2. Between 0 and 42 mol% remains an insoluble residue of red phosphorus. Above 72 mol% it consisted of sulfur chains linked by phosphorus atoms. The solutions contained mainly the congruently melting compounds P4S3, P4S7, and P4S10 having maximum concentrations at their stoichiometric compositions. Other compounds P4Sn (n = 4-9) which decompose on heating, according to the phase diagram, were also found in surprisingly high concentrations. One of these was β-P4S6 which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the lattice parameters a = 702.4(2), b = 1 205.6(2), c = 1 148.9(6) pm and β = 103.4(2)°.Reaction of white phosphorus with sulfur was also investigated. In contrast to the results of previous authors, who described the system P4-S8 below 373 K as eutectic, we found that the elements reacted below this temperature.
    Notes: Phosphor-Schwefel-Schmelzen wurden eine Woche bei 673 K getempert und anschließend in Eiswasser abgeschreckt, dann in CS2 gelöst und die Konzentration der Phosphorsulfide mit Hilfe der 31P-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Proben mit Zusammensetzungen zwischen 44 und 70 Mol-% Schwefel lösten sich vollständig auf. Zwischen 0 und 42 Mol-% Schwefel traten als unlöslicher Rückstand roter Phosphor, oberhalb von 72 Mol-% Schwefel über Phosphoratome vernetzte Schwefelketten auf. Die löslichen Bestandteile waren hauptsächlich die kongruent schmelzenden Verbindungen P4S3, P4S7 und P4S10. Die maximalen Konzentrationen lagen bei den jeweiligen stöchiometrischen Zusammensetzungen. Andere P4Sn (n = 4-9) Verbindungen, deren Molekülkristalle sich beim Erwärmen peritektisch oder peritektoid zersetzen, wurden ebenfalls mit höheren Konzentrationen gefunden, dazu gehörte β-P4S6, das in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 702,4(2), b = 1 205,6(2), c = 1 148,9(6) pm und β = 103,4(2)° kristallisiert.Die Reaktion von weißem Phosphor mit Schwefel wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu Angaben anderer Autoren, die das P4-S8-System unterhalb von 373 K als einfach eutektisch beschreiben, wurden in diesem Temperaturbereich Reaktionen zwischen den Komponenten beobachtet.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Selenites ; hydrates ; X-ray ; IR ; crystal structure ; pseudosymmetry ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polymorphic and Pseudosymmetrical Hydrates MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd)By crystallization from aqueous solutions of MSeO3 and M(HSeO3)2, the selenites MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) were obtained and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy. The crystal structure of ZnSeO3 · H2O was determined. The IR spectra indicate that the hydrates are isotypic and contain H2O molecules of symmetry mm2. However, the X-ray data show different structure types with H2O molecules of site symmetry m or 1. CdSeO3 · H2O and MnSeO3 · H2O are isotypic (o.rh., MnSeO3 · D2O type). CoSeO3 · H2O (mon.) as well as the isotypic NiSeO3 · H2O and ZnSeO3 · H2O (mon.) form new structure types. These findings are discussed on the basis of the crystal structure of ZnSeO3 · H2O (P21/n, a = 477.9(1), b = 1319.4(5), c = 570.1(1) pm, β = 90.84(2)°, Z = 4, Dx = 3.886 g · cm-3, R = 0.035 for 722 reflections with I 〉 2σ1) and the local pseudosymmetry of its components, i.e., layers ∞2[ZnSeO3 · H2O] of ZnO6 octahedra sharing four equatorial vertices, SeO32- anions and H2O molecules.
    Notes: Durch Kristallisation aus MSeO3- und M(HSeO3)2-Lösungen wurden die Selenite MSeO3 · H2O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd) erhalten und röntgenographisch sowie IR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Von ZnSeO3 · H2O wurde die Kristallstruktur bestimmt. Die IR-Spektren deuten auf Isotypie der Hydrate und H2O-Moleküle der Symmetrie mm2. Die Röntgenbeugungsdaten zeigen dagegen das Vorliegen verschiedener Strukturtypen mit H2O-Molekülen der Lagesymmetrie m oder 1. CdSeO3 · H2O und MnSeO3 · H2O sind isotyp (o.rh., MnSeO3 · D2O-Typ). CoSeO3 · H2O (mon.) sowie die isotypen NiSeO3 · H2O und ZnSeO3 · H2O (mon.) kristallisieren in neuen Strukturtypen. Diese Befunde werden auf der Basis der Kristallstruktur von ZnSeO3 · H2O (P21/n, a = 477,9(1), b = 1319,4(5), c = 570,1(1) pm, β = 90,84(2)°, Z = 4, Dx = 3,886 g · cm-3, R = 0,035 für 722 Reflexe mit I 〉 2σ1) und der lokalen Pseudosymmetrie ihrer Bausteine (Schichten ∞2[ZnSeO3 · H2O] aus vierfach eckenverknüpften ZnO6-Oktaedern, SeO32--Anionen und H2O-Moleküle) diskutiert.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NaM2OH(SO3)2 · 1 H2O with M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn. A New Class of Basic SulfitesHitherto unknown hydroxide sulfites of the type NaM2OH(SO3)2 · 1 H2O with M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn have been obtained by crystallization from aqueous sulfite solutions containing Na+ and M2+ ions. Crystal structure, IR and Raman data, and the results of thermoanalytical studies are reported and discussed. The hydroxide sulfites show a strongly anisotropic thermal expansion due to the layer structure and exhibit an unusually high thermal stability compared to other solid hydrates. The magnesium compound, for example, decomposes at 355°C. The crystal data of the triclinic compounds see “Inhaltsübersicht”.
    Notes: Durch Kristallisation aus natriumhaltigen wässerigen Sulfitlösungen wurden bisher nicht bekannte Hydroxidsulfite des Typs NaM2OH(SO3)2 · 1 H2O mit M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni und Zn erhalten. Die Kristallstruktur, die IR- und Ramanspektren sowie das Ergebnis thermoanalytischer Untersuchungen werden mitgeteilt und diskutiert. Die Verbindungen zeigen aufgrund ihrer Schichtenstruktur eine stark anisotrope thermische Ausdehnung. Sie besitzen eine für Hydrate ungewöhnlich große thermische Stabilität. Die Magnesiumverbindung zersetzt sich z. B. erst oberhalb von 355°C. Die Verbindungen des Typs NaM2OH(SO3)2 · 1 H2O kristallisieren triklin (P1, Z = 2) mit folgenden Gitterdaten: M = Mg: a = 890,5(1), b = 784,5(1), c = 631,5(1) pm, α = 113,28(2)°, β = 110,41(1)°, γ = 98,00(2)°, M = Mn: a = 907,6(1), b = 795,7(1), c = 648,7(1) pm, α = 112,71(1)°, β = 109,34(1)°, γ = 99,23(1)°, M = Fe: a = 898,8(1), b = 789,0(1), c = 634,8(1) pm, α = 112,06(1)°, β = 109,59(1)°, γ = 99,76(1)°, M = Co: a = 888,0(1), b = 783,7(1), c = 631,6(1) pm, α = 112,61(1)°, β = 109,85(1)°, γ = 98,93(1)°, M = Ni: a = 878,4(2), b = 777,0(3), c = 626,3(1) pm, α = 112,54(2)°, β = 109,84(2)°, γ = 99,47(3)°, M = Zn: a = 887,4(1), b = 785,2(1), c = 629,9(1) pm, α = 112,27(1)°, β = 109,67(1)° und γ = 99,66(1)°.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In den Systemen FeSO3—H2O und NiSO3—H2O konnten folgende Hydrate erhalten werden: α-FeSO3 · 3H2O, γ-FeSO3 · 3H2O, FeSO3 · 2,5 H2O, FeSO3 · 2 H2O, NiSO3 · 6 H2O, NiSO3 · 3 H2O, NiSO3 · 2,5 H2O und NiSO3 · 2 H2O. Die Gitterdaten der folgenden Hydrate wurden anhand von Einkristallmessungen bestimmt: γ-FeSO3 · 3 H2O: a = 965,9(1), b = 557,1(1), c = 944,7(1) pm, Z = 4, FeSO3 · 2 H2O (P21/n): a = 645,6(1), b = 863,1(1), c = 761,2(1) pm, β = 99,84(1)°, Z = 4, NiSO3 · 3 H2O: a = 945,0(1), b = 547,2(1), c = 932,5(1) pm, Z = 4, NiSO3 · 2,5 H2O (P41212): a = b = 935,3(1), c = 1016,6(1) pm, Z = 8, NiSO3 · 2 H2O (P21/n): a = 631,4(1), b = 851,0(1), c = 744,7(1) pm, β = 98,91(1)°, Z = 4. Die IR- und Raman-Spektren sowie das Ergebnis thermoanalytischer Messungen (DTA, DTG, Röntgenheizaufnahmen) werden mitgeteilt. Die bei Sulfiten und Sulfithydraten zweiwertiger Metalle bisher beobachteten Strukturtypen werden diskutiert.Sulfites and Sulfite Hydrates of Iron and Nickel. X-ray, Thermoanalytical, I.R., and Raman DataIn the systems FeSO3—H2O and NiSO3—H2O the following hydrates have been found: α-FeSO3 · 3H2O, γ-FeSO3 · 3H2O, FeSO3 · 2,5 H2O, FeSO3 · 2 H2O, NiSO3 · 6 H2O, NiSO3 · 3 H2O, NiSO3 · 2,5 H2O and NiSO3 · 2 H2O. The following crystal data have been determined by single crystal measurements: γ-FeSO3 · 3 H2O: a = 965,9(1), b = 557,1(1), c = 944,7(1) pm, Z = 4, FeSO3 · 2 H2O (P21/n): a = 645,6(1), b = 863,1(1), c = 761,2(1) pm, β = 99,84(1)°, Z = 4, NiSO3 · 3 H2O: a = 945,0(1), b = 547,2(1), c = 932,5(1) pm, Z = 4, NiSO3 · 2,5 H2O (P41212): a = b = 935,3(1), c = 1016,6(1) pm, Z = 8, NiSO3 · 2 H2O (P21/n): a = 631,4(1), b = 851,0(1), c = 744,7(1) pm, β = 98,91(1)°, Z = 4. IR, Raman, and thermoanalytical (DTA, DTG, high temperature X-ray) data are presented. The structure types found for sulfites and sulfite hydrates of bivalent metals are discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 566 (1988), S. 49-54 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Neutron Diffraction Studies of SrBr2 · H2O and SrI2 · H2O, Symmetrically and Asymmetrically Bonded Water MoleculesSingle crystal neutron diffraction studies were performed on the isostructural (space group Pnma) SrBr2 · H2O and SrI2 · H2O. Lengths and structure of the hydrogen bonds are correlated with Raman and IR spectroscopic data. The bifurcated and trifurcated H-bonds present are altogether significantly stronger than linear ones with similar H…Br and H…I distances, respectively. In the case of SrI2 · H2O, the H-bonds of the two hydrogen atoms of the water molecules exhibit equal strength (symmetric water molecule) as shown by the respective OH vibrational energies despite the different H…I distances. The water molecule of SrBr2 · H2O is asymmetrically bonded (different strength of the H-bonds).
    Notes: An den isotypen Hydraten SrBr2 · H2O und SrI2 · H2O (Raumgruppe Pnma) wurden Einkristallneutronenbeugungsmessungen vorgenommen. Die Bindungslängen sowie die Anordnung der verzweigten Wasserstoffbrücken werden mit Raman- und IR-spektroskopischen Daten korreliert. Die zwei- bzw. dreifach verzweigten Wasserstoffbrücken sind insgesamt signifikant stärker als gleich lange lineare Brücken zu Br--und I--Ionen. Die von den beiden Wasserstoffatomen des SrI2 · H2O gebildeten H-Brücken sind, wie die entsprechenden OH-Schwingungsfrequenzen zeigen, trotz der unterschiedlichen H…I-Abstände gleich stark (H2O symmetrisch). Das Kristallwassermolekül des SrBr2 · H2O ist asymmetrisch gebunden (unterschiedlich starke H-Brücken).
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 566 (1988), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structure, F.I.R., and Raman Spectra of GaCrSe3The crystal structure of GaCrSe3 oP20 was determined by single crystal X-ray methods (final R = 1.6% for 949 observed reflections, I 〉 2σI). GaCrSe3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with Z = 4 (CuTaS3 type) and a = 1011.82(7), b = 373.45(3), and c = 1239.2(1) pm. The structure is built up on rectangular columns in [010] of edge shared GaSe4 tetrahedra and CrSe6 octahedra of the sequence (GaSe4)(CrSe6)2(GaSe4) in [101] and [101], respectively, which are connected via the corners in such a manner that channels in [010] of trigonal prismatic cavities are formed. The single crystals were grown by vapour phase transport method using I2 as transporting agent. The f.i.r. and Raman spectra of GaCrSe3 as well as a group theoretical treatment of the phonon modes are reported. In the ternary system Ga2Se3-Cr2Se3, monoclinic Ga1,3Cr0,7Se3 and hexagonal CrGa1,66Se4 (FeGaS4-type) have been established additionally to the orthorhombic GaCrSe3.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur der bisher nicht beschriebenen Verbindung GaCrSe3oP20 wurde anhand von Einkristalldaten bestimmt (R = 1,6% für 949 beobachtete (I 〉 2σI) Reflexe). GaCrSe3 kristallisiert in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Pnma mit Z = 4 (CuTaS3-Typ) sowie a = 1011,82(7), b = 373,45(3) und c = 1239,2(1) pm. Der Struktur liegen rechteckige Säulen in [010] aus kantenverknüpften CrSe6-Oktaedern und GaSe4-Tetraedern der Folge (GaSe4)(CrSe6)2(GaSe4) in [101] bzw. [101] zugrunde, die über die Ecken der Oktaeder- und Tetraederbaueinheiten so verknüpft sind, daß in [010] angeordnete Kanäle mit trigonal-prismatischen Lücken gebildet werden. Die Darstellung von Einkristallen des GaCrSe3 erfolgte durch Gasphasen-transport mit Iod. Das FIR- und Ramanspektrum des GaCrSe3 sowie die Schwingungsabzählung der Gitterschwingungen dieses Strukturtyps werden mitgeteilt. Neben dem orthorhombischen GaCrSe3 existieren im System Ga2Se3-Cr2Se3 monoklines Ga1,3Cr0,7Se3 und hexagonales CrGa1,66Se4 (FeGa2S4-Typ).
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