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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic improvement of Amblyseius finlandicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae): laboratory selection for resistance to azinphosmethyl and dimethoate (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 18 (1994), S. 469-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Amblyseius (Euseius) finlandicus ; Phytoseiidae ; genetic improvement ; pesticide resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) was selected in the laboratory for resistance to azinphosmethyl and dimethoate by subjecting adult females to increasing concentrations of dried residues of dimethoate and azinphosmethyl on detached bean leaves. The first eight selections were done with dimethoate. Slide-dip bioassays indicated selection with dimethoate increased dimethoate resistance 1.8-fold and azinphosmethyl resistance 2.6-fold. These resistances appeared to be quite stable: a 1.2 to 1.3-fold decrease in resistance ratios was observed in a subculture after 10 months without selections. No decrease was observed after 9 months without selections in a pooled colony that consisted of both resistant and susceptible mites. The dimethoate-selected colony was subsequently selected eight times with azinphosmethyl. About 15 % of the mites survived the last selection round with 2,500 ppm, which is 2.5 times the highest recommended field rate in Finnish apple orchards. At the end of the selection program, based on slide-dip bioassays, the total increase in resistance to dimethoate was about two-fold and to azinphosmethyl about 5.4-fold compared to the unselected base colony from which the selected colony was derived. The LC50 value for azinphosmethyl was 14 times higher in the selected colony (451.3 ppm a.i.) compared to the most susceptible colony tested. A similar level of resistance to both pesticides was achieved after six azinphosmethyl selections on a mixed colony that was initiated by pooling mites from five field-collected colonies and the dimethoate-selected lines. Year-to-year variation in azinphosmethyl LC50 values of the unselected base colony was high, with values varying from 83.8 to 348.7 ppm a.i., demonstrating the need to test a reference strain in each bioassay. Results of the azinphosmethyl selections and the subsequent slide-dip bioassays suggest that the resistant strain could tolerate field rates of azinphosmethyl (300–950 ppm a.i.) used in Finnish apple orchards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051469
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transgenic Arthropods for Pest Management Programs: Risks and Realities (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 463-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: risk analysis ; transgenic arthropods ; pest management programs ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; genetic control ; horizontal gene transfer ; pesticide resistance ; containment facilities and procedures ; Wolbachia ; predatory mites ; Metaseiulus occidentalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability to genetically engineer arthropods using recombinant DNA meopens new opportunities for improving pest management programs but also creates new responsibilities, including evaluation of the potential risks of releasing transgenic arthropods into the environment. It is now becoming easier to transform diverse species of arthropods by a variety of recombinant DNA methods. Useful genes and genetic regulatory elements are being identified for pest arthropods, but less effort is being expended to identify genes that could improve the efficacy of beneficial arthropods. A transgenic strain of the natural enemy Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus or Galendromus) occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was developed using a method termed maternal microinjection. This transgenic strain was released into an experimental site on the campus of the University of Florida in 1996 after extensive reviews by the University of Florida Biosafety Committee, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The short term releases established a precedent for releasing a transgenic arthropod but, at present, no guidelines are available that would allow transgenic arthropods to be released permanently into the environment. Several scientific, environmental, and policy issues must be resolved before transgenic pests or beneficial arthropods can be deployed in practical pest management programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006401225083
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of aerial dispersal on persistence and spread of pesticide-resistant Metaseiulus occidentalis in California almond orchards (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 17-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aerial dispersal ; Metaseiulus occidentalis ; Acarina ; Phytoseiidae ; Tetranychidae ; spider mites ; pesticide resistance ; almonds ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; carbaryl ; western predatory mite ; European red mite ; two-spotted spider mite ; Pacific mite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La dispersion aérienne du phytoseïdae, M. occidentalis (Nesbitt), a été estimée comme élément de la lutte contre les populations résistantes aux insecticides établies dans les vergers de Californie. La dispersion maximale s'est produite fin juillet et début a oût en 1982 et 1983. La plupart des prédateurs (et des acariens) quittent les vergers avec les vents dominants du nordouest. Dans le verger, les vents dominants sont moins importants et la dispersion est généralement au hasard. Tant les acariens que les prédateurs se dispersaient au hasard par rapport à la taille des amandiers, mais les relevés sur 24 heures laissent supposer qu'il n'y a pas une distribution aléatoire pendant la journée. La plupart des mouvements aériens se produisirent entre 16 et 22 heures quand HR et vitesse du vent augmentaient et température diminuait. Les acariens et prédateurs ont été piégés sur des panneaux à 200 m du verger.
    Notes: Abstract Aerial dispersal of the phytoseiid Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) was evaluated as a component in managing pesticide-resistant populations established in California almond orchards. Peak dispersal occurred in late July and early August during 1982 and 1983. Most predators (and spider mites) left the orchards on the prevailing winds from the northwest. Within the orchard, the prevailing winds had less influence, and dispersal was usually random. Both spider mites and predators dispersed randomly with regard to height from the almond trees, but data obtained during one 24-h interval suggest they do not disperse randomly throughout the day. Most aerial movements occurred between 16–22 h when relative humidity and wind speeds increased and temperatures decreased. Spider mites and predators were trapped on panels located 200 m from the orchard. A survey of carbaryl resistance levels in M. occidentalis collected from almond orchards surrounding the release sites indicates that carbaryl-resistant M. occidentalis dispersed at least 800 m between 1981–83. However, growers wishing to use the resistant strains should release them in their orchards as natural dispersal appears to be too slow. Migration of native M. occidentalis into the release sites appeared to be sufficiently rare that dilution of carbaryl-resistant populations was minimal during a 2–4 year period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366804
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