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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis ; kairomone ; parasitoid searching behavior ; Trichogramma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, parasitoïde généraliste des oeufs de lépidoptères, intensifie sa prospection sur des emplacements, contaminés par une kairomone associée aux pontes d'Heliothis zea Boddie (Lep. Noctuidae). Au laboratoire T. pretiosum cherchera les emplacements contaminés, abandonnant les morceaux de papier filtre standardisés (de 10 cm de diamètre) si aucun hôte n'est découvert dans les 60 à 180 secondes. Le temps total et le temps de prospection passés sur les emplacements sur lesquels des hôtes ont été découverts présentent une meilleure corrélation avec le nombre d'hôte attaqués (Nha) par morceau de papier qu'avec la densité réelle des hôtes. La perception de la densité d'hôte par morceau de papier est souvent incorrecte dans ce sens. Le temps de palpation (Th) et le temps dépensé à palper à nouveau des hôtes déjà parasités correspondent à une dépense importante du temps passé sur le morceau de papier. Les différentes hypothèses qui ont été utilisées pour expliquer la distribution du temps de prospection par d'autres parasitoïdes et prédateurs semblent inapplicables à T. pretiosum. Le taux de retour sur des hôtes parasités par rapport au nombre d'hôtes attaqués semble affecter les dépenses de temps de cette espèce. Les résultats d'observations antérieures dans les champs sont comparés aux observations de laboratoire du comportement de prospection.
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), a generalist parasitoid of lepidopteran eggs, intensifies search in patches contaminated by a kairomone associated with Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) oviposition sites. In the laboratory the parasitoid will search any kairomone-treated patch, abandoning standardized (10 cm diam) patches if no hosts are located within 60–180 sec. Total time and searching time on patches in which hosts are discovered are more highly correlated with the number of hosts attacked (Nha) per patch than with actual host density. The parasitoid's perception of host density per patch is often “incorrect” in this sense. Handling time (Th) and time “wasted” in re-handling hosts parasitized earlier in the patch visit consume a large proportion of total patch time. Several hypotheses which have been suggested to explain patch time allocation by other parasitoids and predators appear inapplicable to T. pretiosum. The ratio of re-encounters with parasitized hosts to the number of hosts attacked appears to affect the allocation of patch time by this species. The results of previous field experiments are compared to laboratory observations of searching behavior.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: kairomone ; frass ; Microplitis demolitor ; Heliothis zea ; Trichoplusia ni ; host selection ; behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Microplitis demolitor, un parasitoïde solitaire de plusieurs espèces de chenilles de noctuelles, a été introduit d'Australie aux Etats-Unis comme agent potentiel de contrôle biologique. Les fèces des chenilles d'Heliothis zea et Trichoplusia ni élevées sur des cotyledons de pois (Pink Eye Purple Hull Cowpea) stimulent les femelles à sélectionner un hôte, mais les fèces des chenilles des deux espèces élevées sur diète CSM ne possèdent pas cette activité. Un extrait hexanique des fèces des chenilles de H. zea élevées sur cotyledons de pois stimule également ce comportement, de même que le 13-methylhentriacontane, substance présente dans les fèces des chenilles de H. zea (Jones et al., 1971). Les femelles de M. demolitor exposées immédiatement avant leur lâcher en serre aux fèces des chenilles de H. zea, nourries de cotyledons de pois, parasitent un plus fort pourcentage (41.7%) de chenilles de H. zea que cells qui n'ont pas été exposées aux fèces (13.9%). Le comportement de sélection de l'hôte des femelles de M. demolitor est donc semblable à celui des femelles de Microplitis croceipes, un parasitoïde étroitement apparenté indigène des Etats-U-nis. La femelle, par exemple, est stimulée par une kairomone des fèces des larves de H. zea nourries sur des cotyledons de pois (incluant le 13-methyl-hentriacontane), la diète affecte l'activité kairomonale des fèces, et une exposition préalable aux fèces avant le lâcher stimule le comportement de sélection de l'hôte. La stimulation du comportement de sélection de l'hôte, au moment du lâcher peut être utilisée pour améliorer l'efficacité des lâchers des parasitoïdes dans les programmes de contrôle biologique.
    Notes: Abstract Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson, a solitary larval parasitoid of several species of Noctuidae, has been imported into the United States from Australia. A closely related species, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), is native to the United States. The host-selection behavior of M. demolitor females is similar to that of M. croceipes in that it is stimulated by kairomones (including 13-methylhentriacontane) in the frass of Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae, larval diet affects the kairomonal activity of the frass, and exposure to frass prior to release stimulates host-selection behavior. M. demolitor females also respond to frass from Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) larvae that had fed on Pink Eye Purple Hull Cowpea cotyledons.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; wind tunnel ; orientation behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior ofTrichogramma pretiosum Nixon wasps when exposed to different olfactory cues was studied in a wind tunnel. Compared to clean air, the sex pheromone of its hostHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased wasp residence times, walking times, and path lengths on a platform and decreased walking velocity. If wasps were released on top of a glass rod above a platform, the odor caused the wasps to land shortly after takeoff. In addition, a clear dose effect with regard to total residence and walking times was found. These responses were not elicited by three dosages of the sex pheromone ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) or by a blend of saturated acetates. These results correspond with the observation thatH. zea is a common field host ofT. pretiosum, whereas eggs ofS. frugiperda are rarely attacked by this parasitoid.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: kairomone ; parasitoid ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; biological control ; host finding ; host acceptance ; Heliothis zea ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley to stimuli fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) and fromTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) was examined in the laboratory. Kairomones were responsible, at least in part, for the greater response to naturally depositedH. zea eggs.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: kairomone ; parasites ; productivity ; longevity ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kairomones in the scales ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased the percent parasitization, the number of progeny produced, and the longevity of femaleTrichogramma pretiosum Riley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 673-680 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; biological control ; pest management ; parasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kairomone from adultHeliothis zea (Boddie) scales is an important factor in the host selection process ofTrichogrammapretiosum Riley. If the host density is sufficiently high (i.e., 1 egg/500 cm2) and higher), a complete coverage or solid treatment of kairomone spray may be the optimum for increasing parasitization rates, but this is not the case at lower host densities (e.g., 1 egg/2000 cm2). At the lower densities, the kairomone must be distributed in such a way as to retain the parasitoids in the target area without inhibiting their movement from one ovi-position site to the next. Simulated moth scale particles appear to fill this need since their density can be regulated to provide the optimum frequency of parasitoid stimulation and thus maximum rates of parasitization at prevailing host densities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 909-917 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; biological control ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma pretiosum Riley females exhibit success-motivated searching after oviposition. The stimulatory effect of contact with host eggs makes host-egg density an important factor in determining the appropriate strategy for behavioral manipulation, using kairomones, that simulate host seeking, in biological control programs. Host eggs can be used, in conjunction with kairomones or by themselves, to improve the performance of these important beneficial insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: chemical ecology ; hormone ; pheromone ; allomone ; kairomone ; synomone ; apneumone ; chemical communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The terminology of chemical releasing stimuli is examined in an attempt to reduce some apparent confusion. Two new classes of interspecific chemical signals, synomone and apneumone, are proposed.
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