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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8)
  • exposure  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Chloroform (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 401-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on chloroform was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 23 studies for fish, 17 studies for invertebrates and 10 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a typical PNEC value of 72 µg/l. Due to limitations of the studies evaluated, a worst PNEC of 1 µg/l could also be used. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.2 µg chloroform per litre of water and a worst case PEC of 5 to 11.5 µg chloroform per litre of water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 6 to 360 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentrations. A worst case ratio, however, points to a potential risk for sensitive species. Refinement of the assessment is necessary by looking for more data. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006010515371
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - 1,2-Dichloroethane (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 425-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; 1,2-dichloroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 21 studies for fish, 17 studies for invertebrates and 7 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 1100 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.5 µg EDC/l and a worst case PEC of 6.4 µg EDC/l. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 170 to 2200 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006062532209
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 447-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; marine ; environmental ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on 1,1,2-trichloroethane (T112) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 22 studies for fish, 45 studies for invertebrates and 9 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 300 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.01 µg T112/l water and a worst case PEC of 5 µg T112/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 60 to 30,000 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006014616279
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Trichloroethylene (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 467-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; trichloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on trichloroethylene (TRI) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 19 studies for fish, 30 studies for invertebrates and 14 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 150 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.1 µg TRI/l water and a worst case PEC of 3.5 µg TRI/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 40 to 1,500 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern for food chain accumulation is expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006066600350
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Tetrachloroethylene (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 489-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; tetrachloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on tetrachloroethylene (PER) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 18 studies for fish, 13 studies for invertebrates and 8 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 51 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuary waters and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.2 µg PER/l water and a worst case PEC of 2.5 µg PER/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 20 to 250 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006018717188
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy of swelling of jute (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 6 (1962), S. 541-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of swelling anisotropy as a means of determining the orientation of cellulose fibers has been critically reviewed, and it has been shown that the method should be suitable for highly oriented fibers within a certain range of orientation. The application of the method to untreated and variously treated jute fibers reveals certain structural differences with ramie, of which the following are noteworthy. Both noncrystalline and crystalline orientations of jute are influenced by treatments which can be regarded as being confined to the intercrystalline regions only and which do not affect ramie. As compared with ramie, the ultimate maximum disorientation, produced on mercerization treatment is markedly less in jute, and this holds for both the crystalline as well as the noncrystalline components of the fiber.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1962.070062308
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some observations on the shrinkage of jute (1962)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 6 (1962), S. 533-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the shrinkage in alkali and of the permanent contraction resulting from alkali treatment. The results supported by x-ray evidence following the changes in orientation and degree of mercerization show that the shrinkage of jute is subject to a similar restraint as swelling, and the shrinkage behavior of jute compared to ramie is as that of a yarn compared to that of its constituent fibers. Unlike swelling, the shrinkage of jute at dilute alkali is less than that of ramie and the corresponding region of the shrinkage curve is conspicuous by the smoothness of swelling curve, indicating that the shrinkage refers primarily to the structural framework of the fiber, whereas an extrastructural material may contribute to swelling. Although the crystallinity of jute is comparable to that of rayon, no appreciable permanent contraction occurs in the fiber treated in dilute alkali, and this points to a restraint in the structure of jute similar to that exercised by the crystallites in ramie. Whereas the resistance in ramie is completely neutralized in mercerizing alkali and the whole of the alkali shrinkage remains as permanent contraction, the restraint still operates in jute, and the permanent contraction is in deficit of the alkali shrinkage. The respective disorientations are also of the same order. Both permanent contraction and crystalline disorientation continually increase on repeated alkali treatments of jute and ramie; the additional effect found in jute is its complete mercerization after a number of treatments. The shrinkage as indexed by its maximum value is strongly correlated with the oriented state of the fiber, and the disorientation produced in jute on dilute alkali treatment is followed by a lower maximum shrinkage. Incomplete disorientation of mercerized jute shows up in positive shrinkage and its proportion is the same as that of unconverted cellulose I residue. In spite of a very high degree of orientation, the reoriented fiber shows a considerably low maximum shrinkage compared to the native. This is suggested to have been due to the formation of some junction points when the freely swollen plasticized fiber is mechanically strained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1962.070062307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-angle X-ray scattering of cellulose. I. Shape and extent of scattering in some vegetable fibers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3427-3437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was shown that the shape of the scattering pattern is not only related to the shape but also to the face-orientation of the lamellar scattering units, and an actual observation of its characteristic shape depends on the amount and dispersion of their spiral angle. The following results were obtained: (1) For observing a cross-pattern, the critical spiral angles corresponding to minimum and maximum dispersions are 7.5° and 30° respectively, whereas in an actual fiber, coir, the critical angle is about 16.75°. (2) The jute pattern changes from a uniformly narrow to a triangular shape on disorientation and reverts to the former on reorientation. The corresponding changes in ramie are from a triangular to a uniformly wide and then to a uniformly narrow shape. Both native and disoriented cottons give weak, fan-shaped scattering superimposed on a more intense elliptical pattern. The pattern given by reoriented cotton is roughly a narrow streak. Delignified jute gives a somewhat shaving-brush-shaped pattern which changes to a uniformly wide streak on alkali treatment. (3) The extent of scattering decreases on swelling and increases on stretching in jute, ramie, and cotton, but decreases in stretched coir.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091020
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-angle X-ray scattering of cellulose. II. Intensity of scattering in some fibers and films (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3439-3450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was shown that the realization of a straight log I-h2 curve may be a coincidence depending on the relative influence of heterogeneity of distribution and non-independent scattering, and a concave log I-h2 curve can represent a nonhomogeneous system amenable to Shull and Roess's method of analysis. The results indicate: (1) The I-h curve for a jute holo-cellulose film has a maximum, and that for a ramie film an inflexion point, each superimposed on a background of gradually declining intensity, and in either case the singularity is accentuated and shifted to a region of larger angle on alkali-treatment. (2) The log I-h2 plots for untreated, alkali-treated and stretched jute fibers give straight sections in the low-angle, and convex, concave, and straight sections, respectively, in the high-angle region. An interesting feature of the results for ramie is the realization of a straight logarithmic curve on mercerization. The curves for alkali-treated and stretched Fortisan fibers have also each of them two discernible linear parts, indicative of two groups of scatterers. (3) An evaluation of the log I-log h2 curves by Shull and Roess's method leads to figures for the diameters of the scattering elements in ramie comparable to those estimated from the corresponding log I-h2 plots.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091021
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nonionic surfactant and heat on selected properties of polyester (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 1737-1744 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of heat treatment in the presence and absence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on selected properties of polyester fabric was studied over the temperature range 180-220°C. Although significant heat-induced area shrinkage was evident (4.9-9.5%) in the treated polyester fabrics, stiffness, wrinkle recovery, tensile properties, moisture regain, and density of the fabrics showed only slight changes. The moisture-related properties of surfactant/heat-treated polyester were greatly improved compared to untreated control polyester or polyester subjected to heat treatment alone. Oligomer formation on the surface of surfactant-treated polyester was altered as a result of the presence of surfactant on heating compared to polyester heated alone at 180-220°C. Polyester heat treated in the presence and absence of surfactant showed increased dye uptake and more depth of color with 1,4-substituted anthraquinone dyes than untreated polyester, and these effects increased with increasing treatment temperature.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250820
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