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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on chloroform was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 23 studies for fish, 17 studies for invertebrates and 10 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a typical PNEC value of 72 µg/l. Due to limitations of the studies evaluated, a worst PNEC of 1 µg/l could also be used. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.2 µg chloroform per litre of water and a worst case PEC of 5 to 11.5 µg chloroform per litre of water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 6 to 360 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentrations. A worst case ratio, however, points to a potential risk for sensitive species. Refinement of the assessment is necessary by looking for more data. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; 1,2-dichloroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 21 studies for fish, 17 studies for invertebrates and 7 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 1100 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.5 µg EDC/l and a worst case PEC of 6.4 µg EDC/l. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 170 to 2200 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; marine ; environmental ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on 1,1,2-trichloroethane (T112) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 22 studies for fish, 45 studies for invertebrates and 9 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 300 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.01 µg T112/l water and a worst case PEC of 5 µg T112/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 60 to 30,000 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; trichloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on trichloroethylene (TRI) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 19 studies for fish, 30 studies for invertebrates and 14 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 150 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.1 µg TRI/l water and a worst case PEC of 3.5 µg TRI/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 40 to 1,500 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern for food chain accumulation is expected.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; tetrachloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on tetrachloroethylene (PER) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 18 studies for fish, 13 studies for invertebrates and 8 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 51 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuary waters and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.2 µg PER/l water and a worst case PEC of 2.5 µg PER/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 20 to 250 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1980 (1980), S. 693-698 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Heteroaromatic Substituted Ureas and ChloroformamidinesCurtius degradation of heteroaromatic carbonyl azides leads to isocyanates, which react with amines to give the trisubstituted ureas 1. Some of these can be converted into the corresponding chloroformamidines 2 by chlorination with CCl4/(C6H5)3P.
    Notes: Der Curtius-Abbau heteroaromatischer Carbonsäureazide führt zu Isocyanaten, die mit sekundären Aminen zu den trisubstituierten Harnstoffen 1 reagieren. Einige dieser Harnstoffe können durch Chlorierung mit CCl4/(C6H5)3P in die entsprechenden Chlorformamidine 2 übergeführt werden.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1984 (1984), S. 1180-1192 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 1,5-Dimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]octane-,6-dione and 1,5-Dimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]octa-3,7-diene-2,6-dione. - Basic Building Blocks for Substituted SemibullvalenesMichael reaction of dimethyl methylmalonate (13) and tert-butyl acrylate (14) affords almost quantitatively the triester 15a which is selectively hydrolyzed to yield the diester-acid 15b. When subjected to Kolbe electrolysis, this produced a 1:1 mixture (28% yield) of the diastereomeric tetraesters rac-12b and meso-12b. After Dieckmann condensation of this mixture followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate β-keto esters 16 and 17 and decarboxylation of the β-keto acids a 93% yield of the bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2,6-dione 4 and a 61% yield of the crystallized cyclopentanone ester-acid 18 were isolated. On bromination of the diketone 4 using four moles of copper(II) dibromide in chloroform/ethyl acetate as solvent, the α,α′-dibromo diketone 19 is formed as the major product. Dehydrobromination of the crude bromination product of 4 using four moles of copper(II) dibromide in chloroform/ethyl acetate as solvent, the α,α′-dibromo diketone 19 is formed as the major product. Dehydrobromination of the crude bromination product of 4 by means of calcium carbonate in dimethylacetamide as solvent afforded a 67% yield of the α,β-unsaturated diketone 5 besides 4-8% of the unsaturated α-bromo diketone 21. All reactions can be readily carried out on large scale.
    Notes: Michael-Addition von Methylmalonsäure-dimethylester (13) an tert-Butyl-acrylat (14) führt nahezu quantitativ zum Triester 15a, der selektiv zur Diestersäure 15b hydrolysiert wird. Deren Kolbe-Elektrolyse ergibt mit 28% Ausbeute ein (1:1)-Gemisch der diastereomeren Tetraester rac-12b und meso-12b. Nach Dieckmann-Kondensation dieses Gemisches, anschließender Verseifung der intermediären β-Ketoester 16 und 17 und Decarboxylierung der β-Ketosäuren isoliert man 93% Bicyclo[3.3.0]octandion 4 und 61% kristallisierte Cyclopentanonestersäure 18. Bei der Bromierung des Diketons 4 mit 4 mol Kupfer(II)-dibromid in Essigester/Chloroform entsteht hauptsächlich das α,α′-Dibromdiketon 19. Durch Dehydrobromierung des rohen Bromierungsprodukts von 4 mit Calciumcarbonat in Dimethylacetamid erhält man 67% α,β-ungesättigtes Diketon 5 und 4-8% ungesättigtes α-Bromdiketon 21. Alle Reaktionen können sehr einfach im größeren Maßstab durchgeführt werden.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1978 (1978), S. 427-430 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Pseudouridine CPseudouridine C [5-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)uracyl, 6b] has been prepared in an overall yield of 9% (based on 4-bromouracil) by a seven-step synthesis starting from D-ribose (as derivative 3) and 5-bromouracil. By addition, pseudouridines AF, SS (5a, b), and B (6a) are also obtained in a joint total yield of about 30%.
    Notes: Ausgehend von D-Ribose (als Derivat 3) und 5-Bromuracil wird über sieben Stufen PseudouridinC[5-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)uracil, 6b] in einer Gesamtausbeute von 9% (bezogen auf 5-Bromuracil) dargestellt. Die Pseudouridine AF, AS (5a, b) und B (6a) werden daneben in einer Ausbeute von zusammen rund 30% erhalten.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 438 (1924), S. 202-216 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 45 (1962), S. 504-506 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 17O-NMR spectra of benzofurazan oxide at room temperature show two resonance lines. This adds evidence to support the N-oxide structure to be correct. The 17O spectra are dependent on temperature, due to an equilibration. The average lifetime of the tautomers is of the order of 10-4 s at + 45°C. The activation energy of the equilibrium is found to be 17,2 ± 1,5 kcal/mole and the frequency factor is 3 · 1014 to 3 · 1016 s-1.
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