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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionarily stable dispersal of a waterstrider in a temporally and spatially heterogeneous environment (1989)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 283-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Evolutionarily stable strategy ; risk-spreading ; dispersal behavior ; flight muscle histolysis ; waterstrider
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Evolutionary stable dispersal and wing muscle histolysis strategies are studied in the waterstriderGerris thoracicus. These strategies relate to spreading reproductive risk. Overwintering individuals have the choice of dispersing to either a brackish sea bay or a rock pool habitat. The former is reproductively more favorable than the latter during warm dry years and less favorable during cool wet years. After spring migration, individuals may histolyse their flight muscles and lay all their eggs in one pool or they may retain their flight ability and lay fewer eggs in total but spread them in several pools. We use a simple two-habitat model to examine the question of habitat dispersal. Our results indicate that, although the value of the evolutionary stable dispersal depends on the degree of variability in the environment and on the probability of local extinctions in either habitat, the population always disperses to both habitats as a consequence of density dependent growth. We use a more detailed multiple-rockpool habitat model to examine the question of wing muscle histolysis as a response to density dependence. Our results indicate that a wing muscle histolysis response to population density is an evolutionarily stable strategy when compared with the two alternatives of females always histolysing or never histolysing their flight muscles. The application of evolutionarily stable theory to stochastic problems presents a number of difficulties. We discuss these difficulties in the context of computing evolutionarily stable strategies for the problems at hand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02285260
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Delayed female reproduction in equilibrium and chaotic populations (1997)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 11 (1997), S. 105-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: delayed reproduction ; evolutionarily stable strategy ; life history polymorphism ; population dynamics ; chaos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioural and life history polymorphisms are often observed in animal populations. We analyse the timing of maturation and reproduction in risky and resource-limited environments. Field and laboratory evidence suggests that female voles and mice, for example, can adjust their breeding according to the level of risk to their own survival and to survival probabilities and recruitment of young produced under different environmental conditions. Under risky or harsh conditions breeding can be postponed until later in the current breeding season or even to the next breeding season. We develop a population dynamics and life history model for polymorphism in reproduction (co-existence of breeding and non-breeding behaviours) of females in an age-structured population, with two temporally distinct mating events within the breeding season. We assume that, after overwintering, the females can breed in spring and again in summer or they can delay breeding in spring and breed in summer only. Young females born in spring can either mature and breed in summer or stay immature and postpone breeding over the winter to the next breeding season. We show that an evolutionarily stable breeding strategy is either an age-structured combination of pure breeding behaviours (old females breed and young delay maturity) or a mixed breeding behaviour within age-classes (a fraction of females breed and the rest of the age class postpones breeding). Co-occurrence of mixed reproductive behaviour in spring and summer within a single breeding season is observed in fluctuating populations only. The reproductive patterns depend on intraspecific, possibly interspecific, and ecological factors. The density dependence (e.g. social suppression) and predation risk are shown to be possible evolutionary mechanisms in adjusting the relative proportions of the different but co-existing reproductive behaviours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018491630846
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