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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of liming, K fertilization and leaching on K retention, nutrient uptake and dry matter production of maize grown on a Samoan Oxic Inceptisol (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop response ; leaching ; liming ; nonexchangeable potassium ; nutrient retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of coralline lime and leaching on dry matter production and nutrient uptake by maize (Zea mays) were studied in 21 cm deep leaching columns/pots filled with an Oxic Inceptisol (12 kg) from Alafua, Western Samoa. Ground (〈0.25mm) coralline material containing approximately 80% CaCO3 was used as lime. There were 12 treatments, factorially arranged: 4 liming rates (0, 10.5, 21.0 and 31.5 g pot−1) which were applied to the top 5 cm of the pots, and 3 K applications (0, 0.69 1.38 g pot−1) which were applied after the initial leaching period of 10 days (3 1 pot−1 day−1) following the lime applications. Leaching continued for 15 more days, using 1 1 pot−1 day−1, after K fertilizations. During the initial leaching period, liming intensified K losses. The applied Ca-ions displaced the exchangeable K which was subsequently leached out of the pots. During the second leaching period, liming increased K retention only when K concentrations in the soil were high (treatment receiving 1.38 g K pot−1). These effects of liming and leaching on K retention were not detectable in the nutrient uptake of maize grown for 50 days after the second leaching period. This may have been because the leaching losses made up only approximately 2 % of the K-turnover in the pots. A calculated nutrient balance for the pots showed that a large portion of K taken up by maize came out of a pool of nonexchangeable K. The Alafua soil had 0.45 % (11.5 cmol(+)kg−1) total-K, indicating a relatively large K reserve. Since mineralogical studies failed to detect the presence of any known 2:1 minerals, the K reserve of the Alafua soil might be located in amorphous material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748772
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peanut growth as affected by liming, Ca-Mn interactions, and Cu plus Zn applications to oxidic samoan soils (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 203-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ca deficiency ; critical Ca level ; crop response ; liming ; Mn toxicity nutrient interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of coralline lime, in combination with 3 kg Cu ha−1 plus 3 kg Zn ha−1, on yield and nutrient uptake by peanut (Arachis hypogea) were studied at three locations in Western Samoa. Coarse (0–10 mm) coralline lime material containing 31.1% Ca and 1.7% Mg was used as lime at 0, 555, 2222 and 5000 kg ha−1. In the Togitogiga soil, which had the lowest level of exchangeable Ca, peanut yield increased by 6 fold after liming with 555 kg ha−1, relative to the unamended control. This yield increase was associated with reduced Mn toxicity as well as reduced Ca deficiency. The alleviation of Mn toxicity was not likely due to decreased Mn solubility because the lime application (555 kg ha−1) increased soil pH by 〈0.1 unit. Rather it was the increased Ca availability which reduced the Mn toxicity through a Ca/Mn antagonism. The critical range of exchangeable Ca for peanut growth was found to be about 1.5–1.6 cmol 1/2Ca2+ kg−1. A Ca/Mn-ratio 〉80 was required for a desirable Ca/Mn balance in peanut tissue. On the other two locations (with exchangeable Ca levels of 1.5–1.6 cmol 1/2Ca2+ kg−1), liming increased peanut yields by 15–20%. Additions of Cu plus Zn also increased the yields, although the increases were small (7%) and not significant at the 95% probability level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010072
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of coralline lime on nutrient uptake and yield of field-grown sweet corn and peanuts in Oxidic soils of Western Samoa (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: banding ; broadcasting ; Ca deficiency ; crop response ; liming ; Mn toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of coralline lime on yield and nutrient uptake by sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) and peanut (Arachis hypogea) were studied at three locations in Western Samoa. Coarse (0-10 mm) coralline material containing 31.1% Ca and 1.67% Mg was used as lime. There were two modes of application: band and broadcast, and three rates: 6, 12 and 18 ton ha−1. In the highest rainfall location, marketable yields were increased by 250% for peanut and 160% for sweet corn by liming at 6 ton ha−1, relative to the unamended control. Peanut yield increases were associated with reduced Mn toxicity and/or with Ca and Mg deficiency. Sweet corn was less susceptible to Mn toxicity, but more responsive to exchangeable Ca. The critical level of exchangeable Ca was found to be about 2.0 cmol(+)kg−1. Applying lime to a band of 0.25-m wide did not reduce yield relative to broadcast. Soil cultivation caused the lime to spread over a wider band, diluting the applied calcium with a larger soil volume, suggesting that less than 6 ton ha−1 broadcast coarse coralline lime could still be adequate for most Samoan soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748699
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  • 4
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    The evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-29
    Description: Phosphorus is a biolimiting nutrient that has an important role in regulating the burial of organic matter and the redox state of the ocean-atmosphere system. The ratio of phosphorus to iron in iron-oxide-rich sedimentary rocks can be used to track dissolved phosphate concentrations if the dissolved silica concentration of sea water is estimated. Here we present iron and phosphorus concentration ratios from distal hydrothermal sediments and iron formations through time to study the evolution of the marine phosphate reservoir. The data suggest that phosphate concentrations have been relatively constant over the Phanerozoic eon, the past 542 million years (Myr) of Earth's history. In contrast, phosphate concentrations seem to have been elevated in Precambrian oceans. Specifically, there is a peak in phosphorus-to-iron ratios in Neoproterozoic iron formations dating from approximately 750 to approximately 635 Myr ago, indicating unusually high dissolved phosphate concentrations in the aftermath of widespread, low-latitude 'snowball Earth' glaciations. An enhanced postglacial phosphate flux would have caused high rates of primary productivity and organic carbon burial and a transition to more oxidizing conditions in the ocean and atmosphere. The snowball Earth glaciations and Neoproterozoic oxidation are both suggested as triggers for the evolution and radiation of metazoans. We propose that these two factors are intimately linked; a glacially induced nutrient surplus could have led to an increase in atmospheric oxygen, paving the way for the rise of metazoan life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Planavsky, Noah J -- Rouxel, Olivier J -- Bekker, Andrey -- Lalonde, Stefan V -- Konhauser, Kurt O -- Reinhard, Christopher T -- Lyons, Timothy W -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 28;467(7319):1088-90. doi: 10.1038/nature09485.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/*metabolism ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; *Biological Evolution ; Ferric Compounds/analysis/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Iron/analysis/metabolism ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/analysis/metabolism ; Phosphates/analysis/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/analysis/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Tracing the stepwise oxygenation of the Proterozoic ocean (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-28
    Description: Biogeochemical signatures preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks provide clues to the nature and timing of the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere. Geochemical data suggest that oxygenation proceeded in two broad steps near the beginning and end of the Proterozoic eon (2,500 to 542 million years ago). The oxidation state of the Proterozoic ocean between these two steps and the timing of deep-ocean oxygenation have important implications for the evolutionary course of life on Earth but remain poorly known. Here we present a new perspective on ocean oxygenation based on the authigenic accumulation of the redox-sensitive transition element molybdenum in sulphidic black shales. Accumulation of authigenic molybdenum from sea water is already seen in shales by 2,650 Myr ago; however, the small magnitudes of these enrichments reflect weak or transient sources of dissolved molybdenum before about 2,200 Myr ago, consistent with minimal oxidative weathering of the continents. Enrichments indicative of persistent and vigorous oxidative weathering appear in shales deposited at roughly 2,150 Myr ago, more than 200 million years after the initial rise in atmospheric oxygen. Subsequent expansion of sulphidic conditions after about 1,800 Myr ago (refs 8, 9) maintained a mid-Proterozoic molybdenum reservoir below 20 per cent of the modern inventory, which in turn may have acted as a nutrient feedback limiting the spatiotemporal distribution of euxinic (sulphidic) bottom waters and perhaps the evolutionary and ecological expansion of eukaryotic organisms. By 551 Myr ago, molybdenum contents reflect a greatly expanded oceanic reservoir due to oxygenation of the deep ocean and corresponding decrease in sulphidic conditions in the sediments and water column.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, C -- Lyons, T W -- Bekker, A -- Shen, Y -- Poulton, S W -- Chu, X -- Anbar, A D -- England -- Nature. 2008 Mar 27;452(7186):456-9. doi: 10.1038/nature06811.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA. cscot002@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Molybdenum/analysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/*analysis/chemistry ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Sulfides/chemistry ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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